Baraholka (Kazakhstan) - Revision history

Editor2018 at 10:49, 11 May 2020

2020-05-11T10:49:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 11 May 2020
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	\| authorofpiece =Dena Sholk		\| authorofpiece =Dena Sholk
	\| authorinstitution =Independent scholar		\| authorinstitution =Independent scholar
	\| authorwebsite =[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Profile page at Linkedin]}}		\| authorwebsite =[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Profile page on Linkedin]}}
	<big>'''By Dena Sholk, independent scholar'''</big>		<big>'''By Dena Sholk, independent scholar'''</big>
	[[Category:Market]]		[[Category:Market]]

Admin at 13:13, 20 May 2019

2019-05-20T13:13:42Z

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	\| authorinstitution =Independent scholar		\| authorinstitution =Independent scholar
	\| authorwebsite =[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Profile page at Linkedin]}}		\| authorwebsite =[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Profile page at Linkedin]}}
	<big>'''By Dena Sholk, ~~Independent~~ scholar'''</big>		<big>'''By Dena Sholk, independent scholar'''</big>
	[[Category:Market]]		[[Category:Market]]
	[[Category: Functional ambivalence]]		[[Category: Functional ambivalence]]
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	[[File:Photograph of a man taking goods to a Baraholka.jpeg\|250px\|thumb\|left\|Photograph of a man taking products to a Baraholka.]]		[[File:Photograph of a man taking goods to a Baraholka.jpeg\|250px\|thumb\|left\|Photograph of a man taking products to a Baraholka.]]
	Today, traders who own the containers from which they trade lack legal title to the land on which their containers stand and are therefore not entitled to compensation in the event of forced expulsion. They continue to operate informally, following an unwritten set of rules, norms, values and practices. Traders purchase and sell goods based on trust and oral agreements, without written documentation of transactions and inventory. Gross earnings and tax deductions are calculated on pocket-sized notebooks with a cell phone calculator. All transactions are conducted in cash. Employment in the bazaar is gained through informal social connections, ''svyazi'', and the most successful traders maintain formidable relations with the bazaar security personnel and other traders. Whereas formal retailers market goods for fixed prices that account for the products’ value chain, goods in the bazaar can be sold for prices that are barely above face value. For traders, the tradition of ‘price haggling’ in the bazaar means that there is no universal model for wage compensation: an individual can earn zero, or over 10,000 KZT in a given day depending on the quantity of goods, and at what prices, they are sold for. (The exchange rate in was approximately 280 – 300 KZT per $USD in 2015).		Today, traders who own the containers from which they trade lack legal title to the land on which their containers stand and are therefore not entitled to compensation in the event of forced expulsion. They continue to operate informally, following an unwritten set of rules, norms, values and practices. Traders purchase and sell goods based on trust and oral agreements, without written documentation of transactions and inventory. Gross earnings and tax deductions are calculated on pocket-sized notebooks with a cell phone calculator. All transactions are conducted in cash. Employment in the bazaar is gained through informal social connections, ''[[svyazi]]'', and the most successful traders maintain formidable relations with the bazaar security personnel and other traders. Whereas formal retailers market goods for fixed prices that account for the products’ value chain, goods in the bazaar can be sold for prices that are barely above face value. For traders, the tradition of ‘price haggling’ in the bazaar means that there is no universal model for wage compensation: an individual can earn zero, or over 10,000 KZT in a given day depending on the quantity of goods, and at what prices, they are sold for. (The exchange rate in was approximately 280 – 300 KZT per $USD in 2015).

	[[File:Photograph of another man with goods in a Baraholka.jpeg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Photograph depicting a man transporting products through a Baraholka.]]		[[File:Photograph of another man with goods in a Baraholka.jpeg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Photograph depicting a man transporting products through a Baraholka.]]

	Despite their economic impact, President Nursultan Nazarbayev has called for the ‘installation of order’ in all bazaars. Beginning in 2011, former Akim (mayor) of Almaty, Akhmetzhan Esimov, among others, undertook an initiative to ‘install order, eliminate chaotically assembled trade centers behind the red line and impose a civilized appearance’ (Zakon.Kz 2013<ref>‘Hesmotrya ni na shto, my budem navodit’ na barakholke poryadok – Esimov’, 2013, zakon.kz, http://www.zakon.kz/4564750-nesmotrja-ni-na-chto-my-budem-navodit.html</ref>). Esimov emphasized that the ''Baraholka'' attracted illegal migrant workers, smuggled goods and was a fertile ground for fires and infectious diseases. By 2014, the combination of forced closures by the local government led Akimat, along with a series of destructive fires, eliminated twenty-six bazaars in the ''Baraholka''. By the end of 2015, the Akimat plans to close an additional twenty markets. In April 2015, ''Zakon.kz'' declared that the liquidation of 28 bazaars in the ''Baraholka'' signified the ‘end of an era of uncivilized trade’ (Mutalipov and Ashimzhanov 2015<ref>Mutalipov, D. and Ashimzhanov, Ya. 2015. ‘Novaya Barakholka v Almaty zarabotaet na sledyuoshchei needle’, 7 April, http://www.zakon.kz/4701788-novaja-barakholka-v-almaty-zarabotaet.html. </ref>), declaring that Almaty residents would be able to enjoy a more civilised retail experience on the territory of the ''Baraholka'', on which the Akimat was constructing modern trade centers.		Despite their economic impact, President Nursultan Nazarbayev has called for the ‘installation of order’ in all bazaars. Beginning in 2011, former Akim (mayor) of Almaty, Akhmetzhan Esimov, among others, undertook an initiative to ‘install order, eliminate chaotically assembled trade centers behind the red line and impose a civilized appearance’ (Zakon.Kz 2013<ref>‘Hesmotrya ni na shto, my budem navodit’ na barakholke poryadok – Esimov’, 2013, zakon.kz, http://www.zakon.kz/4564750-nesmotrja-ni-na-chto-my-budem-navodit.html</ref>). Esimov emphasized that the ''Baraholka'' attracted illegal migrant workers, smuggled goods and was a fertile ground for fires and infectious diseases. By 2014, the combination of forced closures by the local government led Akimat, along with a series of destructive fires, eliminated twenty-six bazaars in the ''Baraholka''. By the end of 2015, the Akimat plans to close an additional twenty markets. In April 2015, ''Zakon.kz'' declared that the liquidation of 28 bazaars in the ''Baraholka'' signified the ‘end of an era of uncivilized trade’ (Mutalipov and Ashimzhanov 2015<ref>Mutalipov, D. and Ashimzhanov, Ya. 2015. ‘Novaya Barakholka v Almaty zarabotaet na sledyuoshchei needle’, 7 April, http://www.zakon.kz/4701788-novaja-barakholka-v-almaty-zarabotaet.html. </ref>), declaring that Almaty residents would be able to enjoy a more civilised retail experience on the territory of the ''Baraholka'', on which the Akimat was constructing modern trade centers.

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	<References />		<References />

	==~~References and Bibliography~~==		==Further Reading==
	# Forbes.kz. 2014. ‘Dariga Nazarbaeva uznala pro Almatinskuyu Barakholku’, 22 January, http://forbes.kz/process/businessmen/dariga_nazarbaeva_uznala_pro_almatinskuyu_baraholku		# Forbes.kz. 2014. ‘Dariga Nazarbaeva uznala pro Almatinskuyu Barakholku’, 22 January, http://forbes.kz/process/businessmen/dariga_nazarbaeva_uznala_pro_almatinskuyu_baraholku
	# Kaminski, B. and Mitra, S. 2010. Skeins of Silk: Borderless Bazaars and Border Trade in Central Asia. Washington, DC: The World Bank.		# Kaminski, B. and Mitra, S. 2010. Skeins of Silk: Borderless Bazaars and Border Trade in Central Asia. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Editor2018 at 16:13, 16 May 2019

2019-05-16T16:13:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:13, 16 May 2019
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	Notwithstanding state-led efforts to modernise the ''Baraholka''’s infrastructure and eliminate open-air trade, ''baraholkas'' in general and Almaty’s ''Baraholka'' in particular will continue to exist given their importance in job creation, supply chains and in providing an affordable retail outlet for consumers. Kazakhstan’s ‘formal’ economy is not as yet conducive to small business creation. Reducing the ''Baraholkas'' requires institutional reforms to the formal sector: individuals will continue to opt for informal employment in ''Baraholka'' as long formal sector opportunities are less attractive. Despite the stigmatisation of Almaty’s ''Baraholka'', and all of Kazakhstan’s ''baraholkas'', they will endure.		Notwithstanding state-led efforts to modernise the ''Baraholka''’s infrastructure and eliminate open-air trade, ''baraholkas'' in general and Almaty’s ''Baraholka'' in particular will continue to exist given their importance in job creation, supply chains and in providing an affordable retail outlet for consumers. Kazakhstan’s ‘formal’ economy is not as yet conducive to small business creation. Reducing the ''Baraholkas'' requires institutional reforms to the formal sector: individuals will continue to opt for informal employment in ''Baraholka'' as long formal sector opportunities are less attractive. Despite the stigmatisation of Almaty’s ''Baraholka'', and all of Kazakhstan’s ''baraholkas'', they will endure.

			==References==
			<References />

	==References and Bibliography==		==References and Bibliography==
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	# Spector, R. 2008. ‘Bazaar Politics: the Fate of Marketplaces in Kazakhstan’, Problems of Post-Communism, 55 (6): 42-53		# Spector, R. 2008. ‘Bazaar Politics: the Fate of Marketplaces in Kazakhstan’, Problems of Post-Communism, 55 (6): 42-53
	# ‘V Almaty torgu’iushchikh na barakholke predlagaiut sdelat’ sobstvennikami novykh rynkov,’ 2014, Zakon.kz, http://www.zakon.kz/4598834-v-almaty-torgujushhikh-na-barakholke.html.		# ‘V Almaty torgu’iushchikh na barakholke predlagaiut sdelat’ sobstvennikami novykh rynkov,’ 2014, Zakon.kz, http://www.zakon.kz/4598834-v-almaty-torgujushhikh-na-barakholke.html.

	~~==References==~~

Editor2018 at 10:28, 16 May 2019

2019-05-16T10:28:04Z

Show changes

Admin at 14:05, 27 September 2018

2018-09-27T14:05:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 27 September 2018
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	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice = Baraholka		\| nameofpractice = Baraholka
			\|flagemoji = 🇰🇿
	\| location = Kazakhstan		\| location = Kazakhstan
	\| definition = Pejorative term for an outdoor, open-air flea market where second-hand goods are bought and sold		\| definition = Pejorative term for an outdoor, open-air flea market where second-hand goods are bought and sold
	\| categories = ~~[[Category:Asia]]~~[[:Category:Asia\|Asia]] – ~~[[Category:FSU]]~~[[:Category:FSU\|FSU]] – ~~[[Category:Kazakhstan]]~~[[:Category:Kazakhstan\|Kazakhstan]] – ~~[[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]]~~[[:Category:Informal entrepreneurship\|Informal entrepreneurship]] – ~~[[Category:Functional ambivalence]]~~[[:Category:Functional ambivalence\|Functional ambivalence]] – ~~[[Category:Survival]]~~[[:Category:Survival\|Survival]] – ~~[[Category:Borders]]~~[[:Category:Borders\|Borders]] – ~~[[Category:Trade]]~~[[:Category:Trade\|Trade]] – ~~[[Category:Customs]]~~[[:Category:Customs\|Customs]] – ~~[[Category:Smuggling]]~~[[:Category:Smuggling\|Smuggling~~]] [[Category:Entry~~]]		\| categories = [[:Category:Asia\|Asia]] – [[:Category:FSU\|FSU]] – [[:Category:Kazakhstan\|Kazakhstan]] – [[:Category:Informal entrepreneurship\|Informal entrepreneurship]] – [[:Category:Functional ambivalence\|Functional ambivalence]] – [[:Category:Survival\|Survival]] – [[:Category:Borders\|Borders]] – [[:Category:Trade\|Trade]] – [[:Category:Customs\|Customs]] – [[:Category:Smuggling\|Smuggling]]
	\| imagemap = Kazakhstan map.png		\| imagemap = Kazakhstan map.png
	\| imageflag = Kazakhstan flag.png		\| imageflag = Kazakhstan flag.png
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	\| authorinstitution = Independent scholar and alumni of Georgetown University		\| authorinstitution = Independent scholar and alumni of Georgetown University
	}}		}}
	'''''~~Original text by <span class="plainlinks">~~[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Dena Sholk ]~~</span>~~'''''		[[Category:Asia]]
			[[Category:FSU]]
			[[Category:Kazakhstan]]
			[[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]]
			[[Category:Functional ambivalence]]
			[[Category:Survival]]
			[[Category:Borders]]
			[[Category:Trade]]
			[[Category:Customs]]
			[[Category:Smuggling]]
			[[Category:Entry]]
			'''''By [https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Dena Sholk]'''''

	<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">		<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Admin at 14:01, 27 September 2018

2018-09-27T14:01:28Z

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	\| nameofpractice = Baraholka		\| nameofpractice = Baraholka
	\| location = Kazakhstan		\| location = Kazakhstan
			\| definition = Pejorative term for an outdoor, open-air flea market where second-hand goods are bought and sold
			\| categories = [[Category:Asia]][[:Category:Asia\|Asia]] – [[Category:FSU]][[:Category:FSU\|FSU]] – [[Category:Kazakhstan]][[:Category:Kazakhstan\|Kazakhstan]] – [[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]][[:Category:Informal entrepreneurship\|Informal entrepreneurship]] – [[Category:Functional ambivalence]][[:Category:Functional ambivalence\|Functional ambivalence]] – [[Category:Survival]][[:Category:Survival\|Survival]] – [[Category:Borders]][[:Category:Borders\|Borders]] – [[Category:Trade]][[:Category:Trade\|Trade]] – [[Category:Customs]][[:Category:Customs\|Customs]] – [[Category:Smuggling]][[:Category:Smuggling\|Smuggling]] [[Category:Entry]]
	\| imagemap = Kazakhstan map.png		\| imagemap = Kazakhstan map.png
	\| imageflag = Kazakhstan flag.png		\| imageflag = Kazakhstan flag.png
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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	<references />		<references />

	~~[[Category:Asia]]~~
	~~[[Category:FSU]]~~
	~~[[Category:Kazakhstan]]~~
	~~[[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]]~~
	~~[[Category:Functional]]~~
	~~[[Category:Survival]]~~
	~~[[Category:Entry]]~~

Admin at 12:14, 27 September 2018

2018-09-27T12:14:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 27 September 2018
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	<references />		<references />

	~~[[Category:Informal Practices]]~~
	[[Category:Asia]]		[[Category:Asia]]
			[[Category:FSU]]
	[[Category:Kazakhstan]]		[[Category:Kazakhstan]]
	[[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]]		[[Category:Informal entrepreneurship]]

Admin at 14:29, 29 June 2018

2018-06-29T14:29:01Z

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	[[Category:Functional]]		[[Category:Functional]]
	[[Category:Survival]]		[[Category:Survival]]
			[[Category:Entry]]

Admin: Admin moved page Baraholka to Baraholka (Kazakhstan) without leaving a redirect

2018-05-31T12:17:09Z

Admin moved page Baraholka to Baraholka (Kazakhstan) without leaving a redirect

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:17, 31 May 2018
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Admin at 16:45, 5 January 2018

2018-01-05T16:45:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 5 January 2018
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	\| authorinstitution = Independent scholar and alumni of Georgetown University		\| authorinstitution = Independent scholar and alumni of Georgetown University
	}}		}}
			'''''Original text by <span class="plainlinks">[https://www.linkedin.com/in/dena-sholk-7a06123a/ Dena Sholk ]</span>'''''
	'''''Original text by Dena Sholk'''''

	<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">		<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">