Caili (China) - Revision history

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References

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	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018), Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17 (1): 2-15		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17 (1): 2-15

Admin: /* References */

2022-08-17T08:51:56Z

References

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	[[File:Table 3 Caili.PNG\|thumb\|x300px\|left\|Table 3: Data of bride price in cash in some rural areas. Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]		[[File:Table 3 Caili.PNG\|thumb\|x300px\|left\|Table 3: Data of bride price in cash in some rural areas. Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]
	==References==		==References==

			Caldwell, J. C., Reddy, P. H., and Caldwell, P. 1983. The causes of marriage change in South India. Population Studies, 37(3): 343–361.

	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

Admin at 08:46, 17 August 2022

2022-08-17T08:46:30Z

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	In the patrilocal context, marriage usually means marrying a bride into the groom’s family while marrying her out of her own. The bride is normally given a dowry, money, or property by her parents for the marriage. However, a dowry is not compulsory and often is valued less. ''Caili'' has a long history in China (Jiang and Sánchez-Barricarte, 2012), but with the growing Chinese economy, it is becoming an excessive burden for many families. Economic growth itself cannot fully explain the scale and dramatic increase of the ‘bride price,’ resulting also from the gender imbalance in China (Caldwell, Reddy, & Caldwell, 1983~~; Chen, 2004~~). Demand for women surpasses supply in the marital market, which entitles females to higher bargaining power (Lv, 2006). In the Chinese culture, parents usually regard finding a spouse for their child as an obligation. The enthusiasm of parents stimulates the request for a higher bride price. Surveys have shown that the bride price is highly related to this type of competition. Bride prices symbolize compensation to the woman’s family losing a potential source of income (this duty to sustain parents is seen also in the practice of [[Wantoks and Kastom (Solomon Islands and Melanesia)]].		In the patrilocal context, marriage usually means marrying a bride into the groom’s family while marrying her out of her own. The bride is normally given a dowry, money, or property by her parents for the marriage. However, a dowry is not compulsory and often is valued less. ''Caili'' has a long history in China (Jiang and Sánchez-Barricarte, 2012), but with the growing Chinese economy, it is becoming an excessive burden for many families. Economic growth itself cannot fully explain the scale and dramatic increase of the ‘bride price,’ resulting also from the gender imbalance in China (Caldwell, Reddy, & Caldwell, 1983). Demand for women surpasses supply in the marital market, which entitles females to higher bargaining power (Lv, 2006). In the Chinese culture, parents usually regard finding a spouse for their child as an obligation. The enthusiasm of parents stimulates the request for a higher bride price. Surveys have shown that the bride price is highly related to this type of competition. Bride prices symbolize compensation to the woman’s family losing a potential source of income (this duty to sustain parents is seen also in the practice of [[Wantoks and Kastom (Solomon Islands and Melanesia)]].

	The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.		The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.

Editor2018 at 16:01, 15 May 2021

2021-05-15T16:01:45Z

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	\| nameofpractice = Caili		\| nameofpractice = Caili
	\| flagemoji = 🇨🇳		\| flagemoji = 🇨🇳
	\| definition = ~~a wedding gift~~, ~~given in money~~ and ~~assets~~ by the ~~groom’s~~ family ~~to the bride’s ahead~~ of the ~~marriage~~		\| definition = Lit. ‘bride price’, betrothal gifts for the bride and her family by the family of the groom
	\| location = China		\| location = China
	\| imagemap = China map.png		\| imagemap = China map.png

Editor2018 at 12:17, 12 May 2021

2021-05-12T12:17:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:17, 12 May 2021
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	\|}		\|}

	In the patrilocal context, marriage usually means marrying a bride into the groom’s family while marrying her out of her own. The bride is normally given a dowry, money, or property by her parents for the marriage. However, a dowry is not compulsory and often is valued less. ''Caili'' has a long history in China (Jiang and Sánchez-Barricarte, 2012), but with the growing Chinese economy, it is becoming an excessive burden for many families. Economic growth itself cannot fully explain the scale and dramatic increase of the ‘bride price,’ resulting also from the gender imbalance in China (Caldwell, Reddy, & Caldwell, 1983; Chen, 2004). Demand for women surpasses supply in the marital market, which entitles females to higher bargaining power (Lv, 2006). In the Chinese culture, parents usually regard finding a spouse for their child as an obligation. The enthusiasm of parents stimulates the request for a higher bride price. Surveys have shown that the bride price is highly related to this type of competition. Bride prices symbolize compensation to the woman’s family losing a potential source of income (this duty to sustain parents is seen also in the practice of [[Wantoks and Kastom (Solomon Islands and Melanesia)]]).		In the patrilocal context, marriage usually means marrying a bride into the groom’s family while marrying her out of her own. The bride is normally given a dowry, money, or property by her parents for the marriage. However, a dowry is not compulsory and often is valued less. ''Caili'' has a long history in China (Jiang and Sánchez-Barricarte, 2012), but with the growing Chinese economy, it is becoming an excessive burden for many families. Economic growth itself cannot fully explain the scale and dramatic increase of the ‘bride price,’ resulting also from the gender imbalance in China (Caldwell, Reddy, & Caldwell, 1983; Chen, 2004). Demand for women surpasses supply in the marital market, which entitles females to higher bargaining power (Lv, 2006). In the Chinese culture, parents usually regard finding a spouse for their child as an obligation. The enthusiasm of parents stimulates the request for a higher bride price. Surveys have shown that the bride price is highly related to this type of competition. Bride prices symbolize compensation to the woman’s family losing a potential source of income (this duty to sustain parents is seen also in the practice of [[Wantoks and Kastom (Solomon Islands and Melanesia)]].

	The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.		The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.
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	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press		Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018), Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17 (1): 2-15		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17 (1): 2-15
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	Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. 'Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform', ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29 (4), 841-869		Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. 'Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform', ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29 (4), 841-869

	Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. 'Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective', in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press		Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. 'Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective', in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018), Atlantis Press

	Xu, J. 2019. 'Sandajiandebianqian' [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm		Xu, J. 2019. 'Sandajiandebianqian' [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm

Editor2018 at 07:01, 7 April 2021

2021-04-07T07:01:16Z

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	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press		Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17(1): 2-15		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17 (1): 2-15

	Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. 'Marriage expenses in rural China', ''The China Review'', 207-236		Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. 'Marriage expenses in rural China', ''The China Review'', 207-236
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	Lv, J. 2006. 'An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China' [Zhongguo xibu]		Lv, J. 2006. 'An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China' [Zhongguo xibu]

	Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. 'Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform', ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869		Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. 'Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform', ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29 (4), 841-869

	Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. 'Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective', in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press		Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. 'Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective', in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Xu, J. 2019. 'Sandajiandebianqian' [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm		Xu, J. 2019. 'Sandajiandebianqian' [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm

Editor2018 at 06:50, 7 April 2021

2021-04-07T06:50:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:50, 7 April 2021
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	==References==		==References==

	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. "The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s", ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. 'The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s', ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. "Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example", in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press		Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. 'Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example', in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. "Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage", ''The history of the family'', 17(1), 2-15		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. 'Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage', ''The history of the family'', 17(1): 2-15

	Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. "Marriage expenses in rural China", ''The China Review'', 207-236		Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. 'Marriage expenses in rural China', ''The China Review'', 207-236

	Lv, J. 2006. "An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China" [Zhongguo xibu]		Lv, J. 2006. 'An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China' [Zhongguo xibu]

	Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. "Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform", ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869		Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. 'Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform', ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869

	Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. "Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective", in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press		Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. 'Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective', in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Xu, J. 2019. "Sandajiandebianqian" [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm		Xu, J. 2019. 'Sandajiandebianqian' [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm

Editor2018 at 06:43, 7 April 2021

2021-04-07T06:43:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:43, 7 April 2021
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	==References==		==References==

	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. "The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s". ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. "The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s", ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. "Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example"~~. In~~ ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press		Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. "Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example", in ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. "Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage". ''The history of the family'', 17(1), 2-15		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. "Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage", ''The history of the family'', 17(1), 2-15

	Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. "Marriage expenses in rural China". ''The China Review'', 207-236		Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. "Marriage expenses in rural China", ''The China Review'', 207-236

	Lv, J. 2006. "An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China" [Zhongguo xibu]		Lv, J. 2006. "An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China" [Zhongguo xibu]

	Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. "Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform". ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869		Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. "Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform", ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869

	Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. "Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective"~~. In~~ ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press		Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. "Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective", in ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Xu, J. 2019. "Sandajiandebianqian" [The changing pattern of the three main gifts]. http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm		Xu, J. 2019. "Sandajiandebianqian" [The changing pattern of the three main gifts], http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm

Editor2018 at 06:41, 7 April 2021

2021-04-07T06:41:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:41, 7 April 2021
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	==References==		==References==

	Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. (2018). "The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s". ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''.		Fu, G., Li, Y., & Fei, X. 2018. "The evolution of urban wedding consumption in China since 1970s". ''Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science''

	Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. (2018). "Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example". In ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press.		Gong, X., Qiao, X., & Cong, J. 2018. "Social Lopsided Exchange: On High Bride Price in Rural Areas--Taking Village X, Town Q in Heze County as an Example". In ''2018 4th International Conference on Social Science and Higher Education'' (ICSSHE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. (2012). "Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage". ''The history of the family'', 17(1), 2-15.		Jiang, Q., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2012. "Bride price in China: The obstacle to ‘Bare Branches’ seeking marriage". ''The history of the family'', 17(1), 2-15

	Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. (2015). "Marriage expenses in rural China". ''The China Review'', 207-236.		Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Sánchez-Barricarte, J. J. 2015. "Marriage expenses in rural China". ''The China Review'', 207-236

	Lv, J. (2006). "An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China" [Zhongguo xibu]		Lv, J. 2006. "An investigation on poverty in the northern rural area in China" [Zhongguo xibu]

	Min, H., & Eades, J. S. (1995). "Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform". ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869.		Min, H., & Eades, J. S. 1995. "Brides, bachelors and brokers: The marriage market in rural Anhui in an era of economic reform". ''Modern Asian Studies'', 29(4), 841-869

	Si, M., & Wang, J. (2018~~, December)~~. "Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective". In ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press.		Si, M., & Wang, J. 2018. "Analysis of High Bride Price from a Cultural Perspective". In ''2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education'' (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press

	Xu, J. (2019). "Sandajiandebianqian" [The changing pattern of the three main gifts]. http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm		Xu, J. 2019. "Sandajiandebianqian" [The changing pattern of the three main gifts]. http://www.cqn.com.cn/zgzlb/content/2019-09/10/content_7523660.htm

Editor2018 at 14:07, 1 March 2021

2021-03-01T14:07:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 1 March 2021
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	The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.		The history of betrothal gifts dates to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1045BC-771BC), where betrothal gifts were regarded as a blessing and a symbol of the bond uniting the families of the couple. Since the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) the extravagant spending in ceremonial events, like weddings and funerals, incentivized the practice of pricing wives. During the Tang dynasty (618AD-907AD), betrothal gifts were considered an indispensable dimension of marriages. Once betrothal gifts were accepted by the family of the bride, the union became legally binding (Si and Wang, 2018). The quantity and value of betrothal gifts reflected the families’ wealth and social position.

			[[File:Table 1 Caili.PNG\|thumb\|x200px\|left\|Table 1: The changing pattern of the three main gifts (Xu,2019)]]



	Since the 1980s, the value of bride prices started to soar in both urban and rural regions. Traditionally, betrothal gifts were three, and over the decades the identification of these gifts changed to include those goods that were socially perceived as the most precious. In a competition to prove their higher social status families grew to include more expensive gifts. Table 1 enlists the three most common betrothal gifts by decade since the 1960s.		Since the 1980s, the value of bride prices started to soar in both urban and rural regions. Traditionally, betrothal gifts were three, and over the decades the identification of these gifts changed to include those goods that were socially perceived as the most precious. In a competition to prove their higher social status families grew to include more expensive gifts. Table 1 enlists the three most common betrothal gifts by decade since the 1960s.

	~~[[File:IMAGE_NAME.JPG\|thumb\|x300px\|left\|Table 1: The changing pattern of the three main gifts (Xu,2019)]]~~




	Table 2 summarizes the survey conducted by Fu et.al (2018) proving the increasing value of betrothal gifts from 1970 to 2010.		Table 2 summarizes the survey conducted by Fu et.al (2018) proving the increasing value of betrothal gifts from 1970 to 2010.
			[[File:Table 2 Caili.PNG\|thumb\|x200px\|right\|Table 2: A survey on average consumption of betrothal gifts (Fu et.al, 2018). The survey had a sample of 134 couples of different age in Beijing and Wuhan.
	[[File:~~IMAGE_NAME~~.~~JPG~~\|thumb\|~~x300px~~\|right\|Table 2: A survey on average consumption of betrothal gifts (Fu et.al, 2018). The survey had a sample of 134 couples of different age in Beijing and Wuhan.
	Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]		Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]

	~~Table 3 shows the bride price in cash in rural areas and the comparisons with the annual household income.~~

	~~[[File:IMAGE_NAME.JPG\|thumb\|x300px\|left\|Table 3: Data of bride price in cash in some rural areas. Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]~~

	The increasing bride price can be attributed to two main reasons. Firstly, the one-child policy has affected the sex ratio balance, resulting in more men than women born (this practice can be seen also in Montenegro as a result of [[Selektivni abortus / tuđa večera (Montenegro)]]). Jiang et.al argued that being less, females have more options to choose from, while men have to compete, also economically, for their spouse (2015, p.218). This demographic pressure is further reinforced by a social one. If they cannot get married by a certain age, Chinese men are referred to by their communities as “bare branches”. In rural areas, a family with a “bare branch” may be rejected by the community. To protect the reputation of the family and continue the paternal line, one of the aims of parents in their lives is finding a spouse for their son. Secondly, the bride prices reflect the prestige and social standing of the wedded families. Higher bride prices might be pursued simply to show off, leading to competition among families. Parents will spend more on marriage expenses to prove their superiority in face of others.		The increasing bride price can be attributed to two main reasons. Firstly, the one-child policy has affected the sex ratio balance, resulting in more men than women born (this practice can be seen also in Montenegro as a result of [[Selektivni abortus / tuđa večera (Montenegro)]]). Jiang et.al argued that being less, females have more options to choose from, while men have to compete, also economically, for their spouse (2015, p.218). This demographic pressure is further reinforced by a social one. If they cannot get married by a certain age, Chinese men are referred to by their communities as “bare branches”. In rural areas, a family with a “bare branch” may be rejected by the community. To protect the reputation of the family and continue the paternal line, one of the aims of parents in their lives is finding a spouse for their son. Secondly, the bride prices reflect the prestige and social standing of the wedded families. Higher bride prices might be pursued simply to show off, leading to competition among families. Parents will spend more on marriage expenses to prove their superiority in face of others.




			Table 3 shows the bride price in cash in rural areas and the comparisons with the annual household income.

			[[File:Table 3 Caili.PNG\|thumb\|x300px\|left\|Table 3: Data of bride price in cash in some rural areas. Numbers in parentheses are in USD.]]
	==References==		==References==