Caporalato (Italy) - Revision history

Admin at 10:43, 5 July 2022

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	<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>		<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>
			[[Category: Intermediation]]
			[[Category: Domination]]
	[[Category: Italy]]		[[Category: Italy]]
	[[Category: Europe]]		[[Category: Europe]]

Admin at 10:40, 5 July 2022

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	<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>		<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>
	~~[[:Category: Intermediation\|Intermediation]]~~
	~~[[:Category: Domination\|Domination]]~~
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| ''Caporalato'' - etymologically from the Latin word head, leader - refers to an illegal form of labour intermediation in which the recruiter, a gangmaster called ''caporale'', profits by enrolling and mobilizing workers according to the short-term demand of employers. This practice is spread mostly in the agricultural sector in specific areas of Italy. The workers at risk of being under the control of gangmasters today in Italy are estimated to be between 160,000 and 200,000 (Carchedi, 2020).		\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\|

			''Caporalato'' - etymologically from the Latin word head, leader - refers to an illegal form of labour intermediation in which the recruiter, a gangmaster called ''caporale'', profits by enrolling and mobilizing workers according to the short-term demand of employers. This practice is spread mostly in the agricultural sector in specific areas of Italy. The workers at risk of being under the control of gangmasters today in Italy are estimated to be between 160,000 and 200,000 (Carchedi, 2020).
	\|}		\|}

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	\| location = Italy		\| location = Italy
	\| imagemap = Italy map.png		\| imagemap = Italy map.png
	\| clusters =		\| clusters = [[:Category: Intermediation\|Intermediation]] – [[:Category: Domination\|Domination]]
	\| categories = [[:Category: Italy\|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Informal economy\| Informal economy]] – [[:Category: Informal employment\| Informal employment]] – [[:Category: Intermediation\| Intermediation]] – [[:Category: Migration\| Migration]] – [[:Category: Mutual help\| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Modern slavery\| Modern slavery]]		\| categories = [[:Category: Italy\|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Informal economy\| Informal economy]] – [[:Category: Informal employment\| Informal employment]] – [[:Category: Intermediation\| Intermediation]] – [[:Category: Migration\| Migration]] – [[:Category: Mutual help\| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Modern slavery\| Modern slavery]]
	\| authorofpiece = Francesco Bagnardi		\| authorofpiece = Francesco Bagnardi
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	<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>		<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>
			[[:Category: Intermediation\|Intermediation]]
			[[:Category: Domination\|Domination]]
	[[Category: Italy]]		[[Category: Italy]]
	[[Category: Europe]]		[[Category: Europe]]

Admin: /* References */

2022-04-06T08:48:58Z

References

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{{infobox
| nameofpractice = Caporalato
| flagemoji = 🇮🇹
| definition = Labour intermediation in which the recruiter profits by enrolling workers on short-term jobs
| location = Italy
| imagemap = Italy map.png
| clusters =
| categories = [[:Category: Italy|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Informal economy| Informal economy]] – [[:Category: Informal employment| Informal employment]] – [[:Category: Intermediation| Intermediation]] – [[:Category: Migration| Migration]] – [[:Category: Mutual help| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Modern slavery| Modern slavery]]
| authorofpiece = Francesco Bagnardi
| authorinstitution = PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy
| authorwebsite =
}}
<big>'''By Francesco Bagnardi, PhD Candidate, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy'''</big>
[[Category: Italy]]
[[Category: Europe]]
[[Category: EU]]
[[Category: Informal economy]]
[[Category: Informal employment]]
[[Category: Intermediation]]
[[Category: Migration]]
[[Category: Mutual help]]
[[Category: Modern slavery]]
[[Category: Entry]]
[[Category: 2022 entry]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Caporalato'' - etymologically from the Latin word head, leader - refers to an illegal form of labour intermediation in which the recruiter, a gangmaster called ''caporale'', profits by enrolling and mobilizing workers according to the short-term demand of employers. This practice is spread mostly in the agricultural sector in specific areas of Italy. The workers at risk of being under the control of gangmasters today in Italy are estimated to be between 160,000 and 200,000 (Carchedi, 2020).
|}

Within the ''caporalato'' system, farmers outsource to ''caporali'' the recruitment, transport, and control of workers in the field. ''Caporali'' enrol the workers for their daily gig, bring them to the field, and in some cases provides them with information or access to housing in informal settlements. ''Caporali'' bargain the tasks and payment with farmers and get paid for the whole team. They are responsible for the output of the team and monitor work intensity and quality. Payment and working time are negotiated informally, remuneration is often piece-rate and consistently below the minimum wage, and collective provincial contracts and working time regulations are largely not complied with (Perrotta, 2014). ''Caporali'' take a fee for daily transport and accommodation, and might recruit and retain workers with violence, coercion, or simply with the threat of not calling them back to work in the future. In some cases, especially for Eastern European seasonal workers, ''caporali'' might organize the transport from the home country to the Italian fields (Corrado et al., 2018; Perrotta, 2015).

The ''caporalato'' system in Italy has been existing for more than a century. It persisted despite historical struggles of farmworkers’ unions (Mottura & Pugliese, 1976; Scotto, 2016) and remains crucial to provide cheap and flexible labour to a changing agricultural sector (Perrotta, 2014; Piselli, 1990) in which asymmetrical agri-food global value chains and the market power of retailers force farmers to stay flexible and minimize labour costs. Today, ''caporalato'' functions as a ‘criminal system without an effective legal alternative’ (Poppi & Travaglino, 2019, p. 92): it develops informally and often illegally, but it also ensures labour intermediation and mobility in ways that formal systems fail to (Corrado et al., 2018).

On the one hand, the ''caporalato'' system might even develop under the control of criminal organizations that directly monitor ''caporali'', infiltrate farms, manage informal settlements where migrants live, oversees the relationship between farmers and retailers, and even deals with the logistics and transport of produces (Fanizza & Omizzolo, 2019; Sagnet & Palmisano, 2015). On the other hand, ''caporali'' can be social brokers (Perrotta, 2019) and gatekeepers (Perrotta & Sacchetto, 2014) that mediate between agri-businessmen’ need for flexible workers and farmworkers’ need for income and accommodation.

Starting from the late 1980s, Italian harvesting activities have been increasingly taken up by migrant workers. ''Caporali'' and day labourers are today mainly migrants (Avallone, 2017). The supply of labour for unskilled farm work exceeds the demand and this favours precarious employment arrangements. The ''deportability'' (cf. De Genova, 2002) of migrant workers due to European Union and Italian migration regulations contributes to make them vulnerable and more inclined to accept sub-standard employment conditions. Migrant workers in Italian fields, indeed, are increasingly asylum seekers or refugees with a temporary visa (Dines & Rigo, 2015), they often find accommodation in secluded informal settlements and this socio-spatial segregation impairs job mobility and increases dependency on intermediaries (Perrotta & Sacchetto, 2014).

Nonetheless, migrant workers maintain agency vis-à-vis their ''caporali'' and their relationship is not always based on mere coercion. Farmworkers might frame their ''caporali'' as entrepreneurial actors and look up to them (Poppi & Travaglino, 2019) or might be linked to them by kinship ties (Perrotta, 2019). Workers can escape a coercive relationship with one ''caporale'' by reaching out to fairer intermediaries or directly to farmers. Forms of misbehaviours and small-scale conflicts to renegotiate the labour process persist too despite the control of ''caporali'', and open forms of collective actions like work stoppages and strikes have emerged (Perrotta & Sacchetto, 2014; Peano, 2017).

The spread of the ''caporalato'' goes beyond specific or marginal Southern Italian areas and sectors. ''Caporalato'' and other similar exploitative forms of labour contracting are crucial in agriculture in other regions of Italy (Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto, 2020), in other Mediterranean countries (Corrado et al., 2016, 2018) and beyond (Barrientos, 2013; Palumbo & Corrado, 2020). Moreover, exploitative intermediation practices involves not only migrants but also natives (Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto, 2020), persist in other traditional industries like construction (Fellini et al., 2007), and are on the rise in technologically advanced sectors such as platform work in the gig economy (Inversi, 2021; Merlo, 2020).

Policy responses against ''caporalato'' have abounded in the last few years. In Italy ''caporalato'' became a criminal offence in 2011, and since 2016, farmers relying on ''caporali'' can be punished with incarceration (de Martino et al., 2016; Santoro & Stoppioni, 2019). Policymakers have also introduced measures to provide formalized and regular alternatives to organize agricultural labour markets. These measures, however, achieved only limited results (Bagnardi et al., 2022; Santoro & Stoppioni, 2019).

==References==

Avallone, G. (2017). ''Sfruttamento e resistenze: Migrazioni e agricoltura in Europa, Italia, Piana del Sele''. Ombre Corte.

Bagnardi, F., D’Onofrio, G., & Greco, L. (2022). The state in chains: Public policies against adverse incorporation in Southern Italian production networks. ''Globalizations'', 19(1), 34–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1849908

Barrientos, S. (2013). ‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks. ''The Journal of Development Studies'', 49(8), 1058–1071. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.780040

Carchedi, F. (2020). La componente di lavoro indecente nel settore agricolo. Casi di studio territoriali. In Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.), ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto'' (pp. 183–192). Ediesse.

Corrado, A., Caruso, F. S., Lo Cascio, M., Palumbo, L., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2018). ''Is Italian Agriculture “Pull Factor” for Irregular Migration—And, If So, Why?'' Open Society European Policy Institute.

Corrado, A., Castro, C. de, & Perrotta, D. (2016). ''Migration and Agriculture: Mobility and change in the Mediterranean area.'' Routledge.

De Genova, N. P. (2002). Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 31(1), 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432

de Martino, C., Lozito, M., & Schiuma, D. (2016). Immigrazione, caporalato e lavoro in agricoltura. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 30(2), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1441/83366

Dines, N., & Rigo, E. (2015). Postcolonial citizenships and the “refugeeization” of the workforce: Migrant agricultural labor in the italian mezzogiorno. In S. Ponzanesi & G. Colpani (Eds.), ''Postcolonial transitions in Europe: Contexts, practices and politics'' (pp. 151–172). Rowman & Littlefield.

Fanizza, F., & Omizzolo, M. (2019). ''Caporalato: An Authentic Agromafia.'' Mimesis International.

Fellini, I., Ferro, A., & Fullin, G. (2007). Recruitment processes and labour mobility: The construction industry in Europe. ''Work, Employment and Society'', 21(2), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007076635

Inversi, C. (2021). Digital caporalato: The Uber Italy Srl case. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 2/2021. https://doi.org/10.1441/100867

Merlo, A. (2020). ''Il contrasto allo sfruttamento del lavoro e al ‘caporalato’ dai braccianti ai rider: Le fattispecie dell’art.603 bis c.p. E il ruolo del diritto penale'' (Giappichelli Editore).

Mottura, G., & Pugliese, E. (1976). Agricoltura, mercato del lavoro e politica del movimento operaio. In A. Accornero (Ed.), ''Problemi del movimento sindacale in Italia 1943-1973: Annali Feltrinelli—Anno Sedicesimo'' (pp. 367–408). Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.

Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.). (2020). ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto.'' Ediesse.

Palumbo, L., & Corrado, A. (2020). ''Are Agri-food workers only exploited in Southern Europe? Case studies on migrant labour in Germany, The Netherland, and Sweden.'' Open Society European Policy Institute.

Peano, I. (2017). Migrants’ struggles? Rethinking Citizenship, anti-racism and labour precarity through migration politics in Italy. In ''Where are the unions? Workers and social movements in Latin America, the Middle East and Europe'' (pp. 85–102). Zed Books.

Perrotta, D. (2014). Vecchi e nuovi mediatori. Storia, geografia ed etnografia del caporalato in agricoltura. ''Meridiana'', 79, 193–220.

Perrotta, D. (2015). Agricultural Day Laborers in Southern Italy: Forms of Mobility and Resistance. ''The South Atlantic Quarterly'', 114(1), 195–203.

Perrotta, D. (2019). “Quando si raccoglie il pomodoro è una guerra”. Resistenze e conflitti dei braccianti migranti nei territori del pomodoro. ''Cartografie sociali. Rivista semestrale di sociologia e scienze umane'', 1(7), Article 7. https://universitypress.unisob.na.it/ojs/index.php/cartografiesociali/article/view/715

Perrotta, D., & Sacchetto, D. (2014). Migrant farmworkers in Southern Italy: Ghettoes, caporalato and collective action. ''Workers of the World: International Journal on Strikes and Social Conflicts'', 1(5), 75–98.

Piselli, F. (1990). Sensali e caporali dell’Italia Meridionale. In P. Bevilacqua (Ed.), ''Storia dell’Agricoltura in etàcontemporanea: Vol. II-Uomini e Classi'' (pp. 823–855). Marsilio Editori.

Poppi, F. I. M., & Travaglino, G. A. (2019). Parea non servin: Strategies of exploitation and resistance in the caporalato discourse. ''Modern Italy'', 24(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.42

Sagnet, Y., & Palmisano, L. (2015). ''Ghetto Italia: I braccianti stranieri tra caporalato e sfruttamento.'' Fandango Libri.

Santoro, E., & Stoppioni, C. (2019). Il contrasto allo sfruttamento lavorativo: I primi dati dell’applicazione della legge 199/2016. ''GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI.'' https://doi.org/10.3280/GDL2019-162003

Scotto, A. (2016). Tra sfruttamento e protesta: I migranti e il caporalato agricolo in Italia meridionale. REMHU - ''Revista Interdisciplinar Da Mobilidade Humana,'' 48, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880004806

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 6 April 2022
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	==References==		==References==

	Avallone, G. (2017). ''Sfruttamento e resistenze: Migrazioni e agricoltura in Europa, Italia, Piana del Sele''. Ombre Corte.		Avallone, G. (2017). ''Sfruttamento e resistenze: Migrazioni e agricoltura in Europa, Italia, Piana del Sele''. Ombre Corte

	Bagnardi, F., D’Onofrio, G., & Greco, L. (2022). The state in chains: Public policies against adverse incorporation in Southern Italian production networks. ''Globalizations'', 19(1), 34–58~~. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1849908~~		Bagnardi, F., D’Onofrio, G., & Greco, L. (2022). The state in chains: Public policies against adverse incorporation in Southern Italian production networks. ''Globalizations'', 19(1): 34–58

	Barrientos, S. (2013). ‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks. ''The Journal of Development Studies'', 49(8), 1058–1071~~. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.780040~~		Barrientos, S. (2013). ‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks. ''The Journal of Development Studies'', 49(8): 1058–1071

	Carchedi, F. (2020). La componente di lavoro indecente nel settore agricolo. Casi di studio territoriali. In Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.), ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto'' (pp. 183–192). Ediesse.		Carchedi, F. (2020). La componente di lavoro indecente nel settore agricolo. Casi di studio territoriali. In Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.), ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto'' (pp. 183–192). Ediesse

	Corrado, A., Caruso, F. S., Lo Cascio, M., Palumbo, L., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2018). ''Is Italian Agriculture “Pull Factor” for Irregular Migration—And, If So, Why?'' Open Society European Policy Institute.		Corrado, A., Caruso, F. S., Lo Cascio, M., Palumbo, L., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2018). ''Is Italian Agriculture “Pull Factor” for Irregular Migration—And, If So, Why?'' Open Society European Policy Institute

	Corrado, A., Castro, C. de, & Perrotta, D. (2016). ''Migration and Agriculture: Mobility and change in the Mediterranean area.'' Routledge.		Corrado, A., Castro, C. de, & Perrotta, D. (2016). ''Migration and Agriculture: Mobility and change in the Mediterranean area.'' Routledge

	De Genova, N. P. (2002). Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 31(1), 419–447~~. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432~~		De Genova, N. P. (2002). Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 31(1): 419–447

	de Martino, C., Lozito, M., & Schiuma, D. (2016). Immigrazione, caporalato e lavoro in agricoltura. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 30(2), 313–328~~. https://doi.org/10.1441/83366~~		de Martino, C., Lozito, M., & Schiuma, D. (2016). Immigrazione, caporalato e lavoro in agricoltura. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 30(2): 313–328

	Dines, N., & Rigo, E. (2015). Postcolonial citizenships and the “refugeeization” of the workforce: Migrant agricultural labor in the italian mezzogiorno. In S. Ponzanesi & G. Colpani (Eds.), ''Postcolonial transitions in Europe: Contexts, practices and politics'' (pp. 151–172). Rowman & Littlefield.		Dines, N., & Rigo, E. (2015). Postcolonial citizenships and the “refugeeization” of the workforce: Migrant agricultural labor in the italian mezzogiorno. In S. Ponzanesi & G. Colpani (Eds.), ''Postcolonial transitions in Europe: Contexts, practices and politics'' (pp. 151–172). Rowman & Littlefield

	Fanizza, F., & Omizzolo, M. (2019). ''Caporalato: An Authentic Agromafia.'' Mimesis International.		Fanizza, F., & Omizzolo, M. (2019). ''Caporalato: An Authentic Agromafia.'' Mimesis International

	Fellini, I., Ferro, A., & Fullin, G. (2007). Recruitment processes and labour mobility: The construction industry in Europe. ''Work, Employment and Society'', 21(2), 277–298~~. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007076635~~		Fellini, I., Ferro, A., & Fullin, G. (2007). Recruitment processes and labour mobility: The construction industry in Europe. ''Work, Employment and Society'', 21(2): 277–298

	Inversi, C. (2021). Digital caporalato: The Uber Italy Srl case. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 2/~~2021. https://doi.org/10.1441/100867~~		Inversi, C. (2021). Digital caporalato: The Uber Italy Srl case. ''Lavoro e Diritto'', 2/202167

	Merlo, A. (2020). ''Il contrasto allo sfruttamento del lavoro e al ‘caporalato’ dai braccianti ai rider: Le fattispecie dell’art.603 bis c.p. E il ruolo del diritto penale'' (Giappichelli Editore).		Merlo, A. (2020). ''Il contrasto allo sfruttamento del lavoro e al ‘caporalato’ dai braccianti ai rider: Le fattispecie dell’art.603 bis c.p. E il ruolo del diritto penale'' (Giappichelli Editore)

	Mottura, G., & Pugliese, E. (1976). Agricoltura, mercato del lavoro e politica del movimento operaio. In A. Accornero (Ed.), ''Problemi del movimento sindacale in Italia 1943-1973: Annali Feltrinelli—Anno Sedicesimo'' (pp. 367–408). Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.		Mottura, G., & Pugliese, E. (1976). Agricoltura, mercato del lavoro e politica del movimento operaio. In A. Accornero (Ed.), ''Problemi del movimento sindacale in Italia 1943-1973: Annali Feltrinelli—Anno Sedicesimo'' (pp. 367–408). Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli

	Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.). (2020). ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto.'' Ediesse.		Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto (Ed.). (2020). ''Agromafie e caporalato—Quinto Rapporto.'' Ediesse

	Palumbo, L., & Corrado, A. (2020). ''Are Agri-food workers only exploited in Southern Europe? Case studies on migrant labour in Germany, The Netherland, and Sweden.'' Open Society European Policy Institute.		Palumbo, L., & Corrado, A. (2020). ''Are Agri-food workers only exploited in Southern Europe? Case studies on migrant labour in Germany, The Netherland, and Sweden.'' Open Society European Policy Institute

	Peano, I. (2017). Migrants’ struggles? Rethinking Citizenship, anti-racism and labour precarity through migration politics in Italy. In ''Where are the unions? Workers and social movements in Latin America, the Middle East and Europe'' (pp. 85–102). Zed Books.		Peano, I. (2017). Migrants’ struggles? Rethinking Citizenship, anti-racism and labour precarity through migration politics in Italy. In ''Where are the unions? Workers and social movements in Latin America, the Middle East and Europe'' (pp. 85–102). Zed Books

	Perrotta, D. (2014). Vecchi e nuovi mediatori. Storia, geografia ed etnografia del caporalato in agricoltura. ''Meridiana'', 79, 193–220.		Perrotta, D. (2014). Vecchi e nuovi mediatori. Storia, geografia ed etnografia del caporalato in agricoltura. ''Meridiana'', 79: 193–220

	Perrotta, D. (2015). Agricultural Day Laborers in Southern Italy: Forms of Mobility and Resistance. ''The South Atlantic Quarterly'', 114(1), 195–203.		Perrotta, D. (2015). Agricultural Day Laborers in Southern Italy: Forms of Mobility and Resistance. ''The South Atlantic Quarterly'', 114(1): 195–203

	Perrotta, D. (2019). “Quando si raccoglie il pomodoro è una guerra”. Resistenze e conflitti dei braccianti migranti nei territori del pomodoro. ''Cartografie sociali. Rivista semestrale di sociologia e scienze umane'', 1(7), Article 7. https://universitypress.unisob.na.it/ojs/index.php/cartografiesociali/article/view/715		Perrotta, D. (2019). “Quando si raccoglie il pomodoro è una guerra”. Resistenze e conflitti dei braccianti migranti nei territori del pomodoro. ''Cartografie sociali. Rivista semestrale di sociologia e scienze umane'', 1(7), Article 7. https://universitypress.unisob.na.it/ojs/index.php/cartografiesociali/article/view/715

	Perrotta, D., & Sacchetto, D. (2014). Migrant farmworkers in Southern Italy: Ghettoes, caporalato and collective action. ''Workers of the World: International Journal on Strikes and Social Conflicts'', 1(5), 75–98.		Perrotta, D., & Sacchetto, D. (2014). Migrant farmworkers in Southern Italy: Ghettoes, caporalato and collective action. ''Workers of the World: International Journal on Strikes and Social Conflicts'', 1(5): 75–98

	Piselli, F. (1990). Sensali e caporali dell’Italia Meridionale. In P. Bevilacqua (Ed.), ''Storia dell’Agricoltura in etàcontemporanea: Vol. II-Uomini e Classi'' (pp. 823–855). Marsilio Editori.		Piselli, F. (1990). Sensali e caporali dell’Italia Meridionale. In P. Bevilacqua (Ed.), ''Storia dell’Agricoltura in etàcontemporanea: Vol. II-Uomini e Classi'' (pp. 823–855). Marsilio Editori

	Poppi, F. I. M., & Travaglino, G. A. (2019). Parea non servin: Strategies of exploitation and resistance in the caporalato discourse. ''Modern Italy'', 24(1), 81–97~~. https://doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.42~~		Poppi, F. I. M., & Travaglino, G. A. (2019). Parea non servin: Strategies of exploitation and resistance in the caporalato discourse. ''Modern Italy'', 24(1): 81–97

	Sagnet, Y., & Palmisano, L. (2015). ''Ghetto Italia: I braccianti stranieri tra caporalato e sfruttamento.'' Fandango Libri.		Sagnet, Y., & Palmisano, L. (2015). ''Ghetto Italia: I braccianti stranieri tra caporalato e sfruttamento.'' Fandango Libri

	Santoro, E., & Stoppioni, C. (2019). Il contrasto allo sfruttamento lavorativo: I primi dati dell’applicazione della legge 199/2016. ''GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI.'' ~~https://doi.org/10.3280/GDL2019-162003~~		Santoro, E., & Stoppioni, C. (2019). Il contrasto allo sfruttamento lavorativo: I primi dati dell’applicazione della legge 199/2016. ''GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI.''

	Scotto, A. (2016). Tra sfruttamento e protesta: I migranti e il caporalato agricolo in Italia meridionale. REMHU - ''Revista Interdisciplinar Da Mobilidade Humana,'' 48, 79–92~~. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880004806~~		Scotto, A. (2016). Tra sfruttamento e protesta: I migranti e il caporalato agricolo in Italia meridionale. REMHU - ''Revista Interdisciplinar Da Mobilidade Humana,'' 48: 79–92