Cassa peota (Italy) - Revision history

Editor2018 at 18:18, 25 November 2022

2022-11-25T18:18:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 25 November 2022
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	''Cassa peota'' was born embedded in an environment of trade relations, which determined its long-term purpose. The formal framework of trade influenced the time frame of the participation of the rowers, as trade trips were planned by the public regulator, while the debt laws pushed the owners of small businesses to join the ''casse''. The practice evolved through the centuries, responding to changes in the formal framework. It reached the factory workers during industrialization, when it became useful as a collective unemployment, accident or pension insurance. As the State gradually took upon itself to provision such services, the factory-based ''casse'' gradually lost importance. Today this practice is closer to the banking system and used to softening its severity.		''Cassa peota'' was born embedded in an environment of trade relations, which determined its long-term purpose. The formal framework of trade influenced the time frame of the participation of the rowers, as trade trips were planned by the public regulator, while the debt laws pushed the owners of small businesses to join the ''casse''. The practice evolved through the centuries, responding to changes in the formal framework. It reached the factory workers during industrialization, when it became useful as a collective unemployment, accident or pension insurance. As the State gradually took upon itself to provision such services, the factory-based ''casse'' gradually lost importance. Today this practice is closer to the banking system and used to softening its severity.

			==Funding==
			This research was realized as part of the EU Commission Horizon2020 MSCA Innovative Training Networks (MSCA-ITN) project MARKETS: Mapping Uncertainties, Challenges and Future Opportunities of Emerging Markets: Informal Barriers, Business Environments and Future Trends in Eastern Europe, The Caucasus and Central Asia, Grant agreement ID: 861034.

	==References==		==References==

Editor2018 at 17:03, 24 April 2020

2020-04-24T17:03:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 24 April 2020
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	[[File:Peata boat.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Peota boats have been used for leisure trips funded by the Casse. Unknown, ''La Peàta'', 1961. Source: [https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=40902 Conoscere Venezia]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0].]]		[[File:Peata boat.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Peota boats have been used for leisure trips funded by the Casse. Unknown, ''La Peàta'', 1961. Source: [https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=40902 Conoscere Venezia]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0].]]

	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For a long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

	''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).		''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).

Admin at 12:14, 13 February 2020

2020-02-13T12:14:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 13 February 2020
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	[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|Cassa peota met the needs of both Venetian oarsmen and small business owners. Canaletto, ''View of the Basin of San Marco from the Punta della Dogana'', 1740-45, oil on canvas. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]		[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|Cassa peota met the needs of both Venetian oarsmen and small business owners. Canaletto, ''View of the Basin of San Marco from the Punta della Dogana'', 1740-45, oil on canvas. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]
	[[File:Canaletto san marco.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|The practice was widespread among the Venetian lower classes and often linked to the 'culture of wine' and sociability of the city. Canaletto, ''Piazza San Marco'', c. 1756, oil on canvas. Source: [https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/3799e6bc-6b13-4f5d-8ef5-76ed14f954dc Gandalf's Gallery]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC-SA 2.0].]]		[[File:Canaletto san marco.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|The practice was widespread among the Venetian lower classes and often linked to the 'culture of wine' and sociability of the city. Canaletto, ''Piazza San Marco'', c. 1756, oil on canvas. Source: [https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/3799e6bc-6b13-4f5d-8ef5-76ed14f954dc Gandalf's Gallery]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC-SA 2.0].]]
	[[File:Peata boat.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Peota boats have been used for leisure trips funded by the Casse. ~~Alcide Battistin~~, ''La Peàta''. Source: [https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=40902 Conoscere Venezia]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0].]]		[[File:Peata boat.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Peota boats have been used for leisure trips funded by the Casse. Unknown, ''La Peàta'', 1961. Source: [https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=40902 Conoscere Venezia]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0].]]

	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

Admin at 10:33, 7 February 2020

2020-02-07T10:33:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 7 February 2020
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	\| definition = A trust-based system of micro-credit and mutual insurance, used in Venice, Italy		\| definition = A trust-based system of micro-credit and mutual insurance, used in Venice, Italy
	\| location = Italy		\| location = Italy
	\| imagemap = Italy map.png		\| imagemap = Italy map 2020.png
	\| clusters = [[:Category: Solidarity\|Solidarity]] – [[:Category: Lock-in effect\| Lock-in effect]] – [[:Category: Informal welfare\| Informal welfare]]		\| clusters = [[:Category: Solidarity\|Solidarity]] – [[:Category: Lock-in effect\| Lock-in effect]] – [[:Category: Informal welfare\| Informal welfare]]
	\| categories = [[:Category: Italy\|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Credit\| Credit]] – [[:Category: Micro-credit\| Micro-credit]] – [[:Category: Saving\| Saving]] – [[:Category: Loan\| Loan]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: ROSCA\| ROSCA]] – [[:Category: Mutual help\| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Sociability\| Sociability]] – [[:Category: Community\| Community]] – [[:Category: Food\| Food]]		\| categories = [[:Category: Italy\|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Credit\| Credit]] – [[:Category: Micro-credit\| Micro-credit]] – [[:Category: Saving\| Saving]] – [[:Category: Loan\| Loan]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: ROSCA\| ROSCA]] – [[:Category: Mutual help\| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Sociability\| Sociability]] – [[:Category: Community\| Community]] – [[:Category: Food\| Food]]

Admin at 10:27, 7 February 2020

2020-02-07T10:27:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 7 February 2020
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	First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).		First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).
	\|}		\|}
	[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|~~400px~~\|left\|Cassa peota met the needs of both Venetian oarsmen and small business owners. Canaletto, ''View of the Basin of San Marco from the Punta della Dogana'', 1740-45, oil on canvas. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]		[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|Cassa peota met the needs of both Venetian oarsmen and small business owners. Canaletto, ''View of the Basin of San Marco from the Punta della Dogana'', 1740-45, oil on canvas. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]
			[[File:Canaletto san marco.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|The practice was widespread among the Venetian lower classes and often linked to the 'culture of wine' and sociability of the city. Canaletto, ''Piazza San Marco'', c. 1756, oil on canvas. Source: [https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/3799e6bc-6b13-4f5d-8ef5-76ed14f954dc Gandalf's Gallery]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC-SA 2.0].]]
			[[File:Peata boat.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Peota boats have been used for leisure trips funded by the Casse. Alcide Battistin, ''La Peàta''. Source: [https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=40902 Conoscere Venezia]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 3.0].]]

	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

	''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).		''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).

	[[File:Canaletto san marco.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The practice was widespread among the Venetian lower classes and often linked to the 'culture of wine' and sociability of the city. Canaletto, ''Piazza San Marco'', c. 1756, oil on canvas. Source: [https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/3799e6bc-6b13-4f5d-8ef5-76ed14f954dc Gandalf's Gallery]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC-SA 2.0].]]

	In 1913, a survey conducted in Venetian ''osterie'', recorded 385 ''casse'' corresponding to 11,487 associates (Casellato 2002: 1594). ''Osterie'', the local traditional taverns and a pillar of the sociability of the working classes of the city, were central for the development of the practice (Buonanno 2014: 80). Four decades later, a short survey published in the local media estimated the number of ''casse'' to exceed one thousand (Dell'Oro 1959). A medium-sized ''cassa'' in the 1950s held around thirty people, and the purpose of a ''cassa'' was, same as in the past centuries, to provide loans at very low rates to their associates, or to make cautious investments (Casellato 2002:1594-1596).		In 1913, a survey conducted in Venetian ''osterie'', recorded 385 ''casse'' corresponding to 11,487 associates (Casellato 2002: 1594). ''Osterie'', the local traditional taverns and a pillar of the sociability of the working classes of the city, were central for the development of the practice (Buonanno 2014: 80). Four decades later, a short survey published in the local media estimated the number of ''casse'' to exceed one thousand (Dell'Oro 1959). A medium-sized ''cassa'' in the 1950s held around thirty people, and the purpose of a ''cassa'' was, same as in the past centuries, to provide loans at very low rates to their associates, or to make cautious investments (Casellato 2002:1594-1596).

Admin at 10:13, 7 February 2020

2020-02-07T10:13:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:13, 7 February 2020
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	''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).		''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).

			[[File:Canaletto san marco.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The practice was widespread among the Venetian lower classes and often linked to the 'culture of wine' and sociability of the city. Canaletto, ''Piazza San Marco'', c. 1756, oil on canvas. Source: [https://search.creativecommons.org/photos/3799e6bc-6b13-4f5d-8ef5-76ed14f954dc Gandalf's Gallery]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC-SA 2.0].]]

	In 1913, a survey conducted in Venetian ''osterie'', recorded 385 ''casse'' corresponding to 11,487 associates (Casellato 2002: 1594). ''Osterie'', the local traditional taverns and a pillar of the sociability of the working classes of the city, were central for the development of the practice (Buonanno 2014: 80). Four decades later, a short survey published in the local media estimated the number of ''casse'' to exceed one thousand (Dell'Oro 1959). A medium-sized ''cassa'' in the 1950s held around thirty people, and the purpose of a ''cassa'' was, same as in the past centuries, to provide loans at very low rates to their associates, or to make cautious investments (Casellato 2002:1594-1596).		In 1913, a survey conducted in Venetian ''osterie'', recorded 385 ''casse'' corresponding to 11,487 associates (Casellato 2002: 1594). ''Osterie'', the local traditional taverns and a pillar of the sociability of the working classes of the city, were central for the development of the practice (Buonanno 2014: 80). Four decades later, a short survey published in the local media estimated the number of ''casse'' to exceed one thousand (Dell'Oro 1959). A medium-sized ''cassa'' in the 1950s held around thirty people, and the purpose of a ''cassa'' was, same as in the past centuries, to provide loans at very low rates to their associates, or to make cautious investments (Casellato 2002:1594-1596).

Admin at 17:23, 5 February 2020

2020-02-05T17:23:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 5 February 2020
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	First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).		First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).
	\|}		\|}
	[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|~~300px~~\|left\|Cassa peota met the ~~necessities~~ of ~~the~~ Venetian oarsmen and of the ~~owners~~ of ~~small businesses~~. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]		[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|left\|Cassa peota met the needs of both Venetian oarsmen and small business owners. Canaletto, ''View of the Basin of San Marco from the Punta della Dogana'', 1740-45, oil on canvas. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]

	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

Admin at 17:15, 5 February 2020

2020-02-05T17:15:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:15, 5 February 2020
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	First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).		First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).
	\|}		\|}
			[[File:Pinacoteca Brera.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|Cassa peota met the necessities of the Venetian oarsmen and of the owners of small businesses. Source: [https://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/view-of-st-marks-from-the-punta-della-dogana/ Pinacoteca Brera]. [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=ccsearch&atype=rich CC BY-NC 2.0].]]

	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

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	First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).		First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).
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	For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune. (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201) On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).		For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201). On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

	''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).		''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).

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{{infobox
| nameofpractice = Cassa peota
| flagemoji = 🇮🇹
| definition = A trust-based system of micro-credit and mutual insurance, used in Venice, Italy
| location = Italy
| imagemap = Italy map.png
| clusters = [[:Category: Solidarity|Solidarity]] – [[:Category: Lock-in effect| Lock-in effect]] – [[:Category: Informal welfare| Informal welfare]]
| categories = [[:Category: Italy|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Credit| Credit]] – [[:Category: Micro-credit| Micro-credit]] – [[:Category: Saving| Saving]] – [[:Category: Loan| Loan]] – [[:Category: Money| Money]] – [[:Category: ROSCA| ROSCA]] – [[:Category: Mutual help| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Sociability| Sociability]] – [[:Category: Community| Community]] – [[:Category: Food| Food]]
| authorofpiece = Giulio Benedetti
| authorinstitution = Alumnus, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK
| authorwebsite =
}}
<big>'''By Giulio Benedetti, Alumnus, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK'''</big>
[[Category: Solidarity]]
[[Category: Lock-in effect]]
[[Category: Informal welfare]]
[[Category: Italy]]
[[Category: Europe]]
[[Category: EU]]
[[Category: Credit]]
[[Category: Micro-credit]]
[[Category: Saving]]
[[Category: Loan]]
[[Category: Money]]
[[Category: ROSCA]]
[[Category: Mutual help]]
[[Category: Sociability]]
[[Category: Community]]
[[Category: Food]]
[[Category: Entry]]
[[Category: 2020 entry]]
[[Category: Alumni]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Cassa peota'' (pl. ''casse peota'') is a trust-based system of micro-credit and mutual insurance, used in Venice, Italy. It consists of a common fund from which associates can borrow money at low rates and use it for small investments. The earnings made by the fund are typically spent on collective feasting occasions, redistributed back to associates, or donated to charity every year. The latest account of ''cassa peota'', published by the Bank of Italy in 2010, recorded 76 associations (Banca d’Italia 2018).

First regulated by the Italian law only in 1999, the practice kept its informal character for most part of its long history. It dates back to the fifteenth century and appears on written records related to Lorenzo Giustiniani, the bishop and patriarch of Venice between 1433 and 1456 (Tramontin 1985). ''Cassa peota'' began to operate in the Venice lagoon and the surrounding areas to connect the needs of two key lower class social groups: small business owners (artisans and merchants) and the oarsmen who rowed the ships of the Venetian Republic (Cacciavillani 2013: 127-129).
|}
For long time one of the most thriving metropolis of Europe, Venice offered great opportunities to artisans and businessmen. In times of crisis, however, small businesses were at risk of being put in prison because of debts; this led to a vicious circle, as prisoners were unable to earn the money necessary to regain their freedom (Cacciavillani, 2013: 127-129). Oarsmen faced a mirrored problem. Their job was poorly paid, but they were allowed to trade everything they could store under their seat. With some luck, good investments and access to Venetian markets – the best in the world – this personal trade could generate a small fortune. (Lane 1978: 62-64, 201) On their return to the capital, having sold their merchandise, the oarsmen needed a way to store their money safely, before heading abroad again for months-long periods (Cacciavillani 2013:124-127).

''Casse peota'' met these two necessities: oarsmen deposited their wealth safely, while small business owners were granted loans to avoid prison, on the condition that they made weekly payments, called ''“carato''”, which gradually repaid the debt. Failure to do so would mean imprisonment (Cacciavillani, 2013:127-129). The well-known and respected ship pilots were the guarantors of this system. The pilots were often more important to the everyday life of Venetian vessels than the ship captains and they enjoyed great respect among the lower classes of the city. An early interpretation of the name of this practice is associated with their role: “''peota''” is the Venetian term for “pilot”, while “''cassa''” can be translated with "fund" or "bank", like in "cassa comune", standing for the common fund of money (Ragazzini 2007).

In 1913, a survey conducted in Venetian ''osterie'', recorded 385 ''casse'' corresponding to 11,487 associates (Casellato 2002: 1594). ''Osterie'', the local traditional taverns and a pillar of the sociability of the working classes of the city, were central for the development of the practice (Buonanno 2014: 80). Four decades later, a short survey published in the local media estimated the number of ''casse'' to exceed one thousand (Dell'Oro 1959). A medium-sized ''cassa'' in the 1950s held around thirty people, and the purpose of a ''cassa'' was, same as in the past centuries, to provide loans at very low rates to their associates, or to make cautious investments (Casellato 2002:1594-1596).

The ''cassa'' mechanism was also employed by richer retailers, who saw the ''casse'' as an opportunity to preserve their capital; for factory workers, who interpreted them as collective insurance against injuries and firings; and for piecework labourers, for whom they were a way out of problems and a chance for an occasional rich feast. Any earnings made in excess of insurance coverage were often spent for extravagant meals and trips to the mainland, which in the case of wealthier ''casse'' lasted for several days. Large fluvial boats, called ''peota'', were used to navigate upstream the rivers of the mainland: the latest interpretation of the name origin of the practice draws on these trips.

''Cassa peota'' binds participants together in a tight association of an economic purpose and is supported by leisure activities such as feasting and travelling, which strengthen trust among participants and represent a guarantee that everybody will keep their economic obligations. It enables individuals without access to the formal banking system to gain credit using interpersonal trust. Although widespread among the working classes and small traders, '' casse peota'' were not formalised until 1999, when an EU banking reform would have rendered the ''casse'' illegal, if the Venetian local politicians and regional administration would not have mobilized to preserve them by formalizing their existence (Senato 1998). Today the ''casse'' are strictly limited to operate outside the share of the bank market and are regulated by legislation concerning non-profit private intermediaries (Banca d’Italia 2018a).

Many practices around the world share similarities with ''cassa peota''. The closest is the Filipino practice of [[sosyudad]], which combines economic deeds and collective feasting to reinforce mutual trust. A similar practice is also the Russian [[pomochi]], in which the mutual energies are congealed in support of the immediate needs of one, who in turn rewards the group with an occasion of collective conviviality. This practice differs from ''cassa'' in that it is not monetized, and it conducted spontaneously. The Vietnamese [[vay muon]], shares the characteristic of borrowing money from a large number of sources, but it is not a stable association, and revolves around a single individual. ''Vay mu'o'n'' also lacks the leisure element that unites other practices. Practices such as [[loteria]], [[esusu]] and other [[:Category:ROSCA|ROSCA]] associations share with the Venetian practice the credit-oriented associative character, but they lack the mechanism of fostering trust through collective leisure. ROSCAs are not meant to survive their purpose, as any earning is strictly individual, and not collectively managed.

''Cassa peota'' was born embedded in an environment of trade relations, which determined its long-term purpose. The formal framework of trade influenced the time frame of the participation of the rowers, as trade trips were planned by the public regulator, while the debt laws pushed the owners of small businesses to join the ''casse''. The practice evolved through the centuries, responding to changes in the formal framework. It reached the factory workers during industrialization, when it became useful as a collective unemployment, accident or pension insurance. As the State gradually took upon itself to provision such services, the factory-based ''casse'' gradually lost importance. Today this practice is closer to the banking system and used to softening its severity.

==References==

Banca d’Italia. 2018. http://www.bancaditalia.it/compiti/vigilanza/avvisi-pub/decreto-13082010-141/index.html

Banca d’Italia. 2018a. Testo Unico Bancario. Legislative decree n.385/1993, adjourned by the decree n.218/2017

Buonanno, I. 2014. ‘The history of wine shops in Venice’, in C. Favero (ed.), ''Venice and Viticulture''. Cittadella (Pd): Biblos edizioni: 64-83

Cacciavillani, I. 2013. ''Il "sociale" a Venezia: interventi "sociali" nell'ordinamento della Serenissima''. Padova: Panda Edizioni

Casellato, A. 2002. ‘Sestieri popolari’, in S. Woolf and M. Isnenghi (ed.), ''Storia di Venezia, L’Ottocento e il Novecento''. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana: 1581-1621

Davydova, I. 2018. ‘Pomochi’, in A. Ledeneva (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2''. London: UCL Press

Dell'Oro, G. 1959. ‘Ancora più di mille in città le 'casse peote' e le 'mutue'’. ''Il Gazzettino'', 27 August

Imami D., Polese A., Rama K. 2018. ‘Loteria/Lloteria’, in A. Ledeneva (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2''. London: UCL Press

Lane, F. C. 1978. ''Storia di Venezia''. Torino: Einaudi Edizioni

Ledeneva, A. 2018. ''Global Encyclopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2.'' London: UCL Press

Osabuohien E., Oluyomi O. 2018. ‘Esusu’ in: A. Ledeneva (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2.'' London: UCL Press

Polese, A. 2018. ‘Vay mu'o'n’, in: A. Ledeneva (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2.'' London: UCL Press

Ragazzini, G. 2007. ''Dizionario Inglese-Italiano, Italiano-Inglese''. Bologna: Zanichelli

Sarmiento, R.F. 2018 ‘Sosyudad’, in: A. Ledeneva, (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2.'' London: UCL Press

Senato della Repubblica, 1998. Written responses to parliamentary interrogations. http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/DF/17789.pdf

Tramontin, S. 1985. ''Venezia e Lorenzo Giustiniani.'' Venezia: Comune di Venezia

Vélez-Ibáñez, C.G. 2018. ‘[[Tandas]] and cundinas’, in: A. Ledeneva (ed.), ''Global Encylopaedia of Informality. Vol. 2.'' London: UCL Press