Hálapénz, paraszolvencia (Hungary) - Revision history

Editor2018 at 14:27, 29 June 2020

2020-06-29T14:27:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:27, 29 June 2020
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	</ref>. The ‘medical barons’ may put a small proportion of their ''hálapénz'' to a petty-cash fund and then distribute it among nurses and paramedics, crucial to their work.		</ref>. The ‘medical barons’ may put a small proportion of their ''hálapénz'' to a petty-cash fund and then distribute it among nurses and paramedics, crucial to their work.

	''Hálapénz'' is inseparable from the state of the Hungarian health system. Gratuity payments both help the health system function and diminish its [[resources]]. For every 1,000 patients in Hungary there are 7.1 hospital beds available (the EU average is 5.2 and in the UK and US the number is less than 3) (ibid.). This high availability incentivises doctors to treat patients in hospital instead of in more cost-efficient out-patient clinics. The number of days patients spend in the hospital in Hungary is 5.2 days. Even patients undergoing routine surgery often stay more than a day. While in the UK and Denmark 80 per cent of patients are discharged 24 hours after a routine operation, in Hungary this rate is only 8 per cent. Since ‘the amount of ''hálapénz'' corresponds to the size of the injury and duration of recovery’ (ibid.), longer recuperation periods result in more gratuity. Hungary is among the OECD countries with lowest wages in the heath sector and faces mass migration of medical staff (OECD 2016). A shortage of approximately 5,000 nurses in Hungarian hospitals affects the quality and the speed of hospital treatments. Outdated hospital equipment raises the risk of medical malpractice suits, and poorly maintained hospital rooms risk infection<ref>Danó, A. 2016. ‘Döbbenetes állapotok fertőzés, orvoshiány és műhibák a magyar kórházakban’, Nol.hu, 1 February, http://nol.hu/belfold/dobbenetes-allapotok-fertozes-orvoshiany-es-rengeteg-muhiba-a-magyar-korhazakban-1599265</ref>.		''Hálapénz'' is inseparable from the state of the Hungarian health system. Gratuity payments both help the health system function and diminish its resources. For every 1,000 patients in Hungary there are 7.1 hospital beds available (the EU average is 5.2 and in the UK and US the number is less than 3) (ibid.). This high availability incentivises doctors to treat patients in hospital instead of in more cost-efficient out-patient clinics. The number of days patients spend in the hospital in Hungary is 5.2 days. Even patients undergoing routine surgery often stay more than a day. While in the UK and Denmark 80 per cent of patients are discharged 24 hours after a routine operation, in Hungary this rate is only 8 per cent. Since ‘the amount of ''hálapénz'' corresponds to the size of the injury and duration of recovery’ (ibid.), longer recuperation periods result in more gratuity. Hungary is among the OECD countries with lowest wages in the heath sector and faces mass migration of medical staff (OECD 2016). A shortage of approximately 5,000 nurses in Hungarian hospitals affects the quality and the speed of hospital treatments. Outdated hospital equipment raises the risk of medical malpractice suits, and poorly maintained hospital rooms risk infection<ref>Danó, A. 2016. ‘Döbbenetes állapotok fertőzés, orvoshiány és műhibák a magyar kórházakban’, Nol.hu, 1 February, http://nol.hu/belfold/dobbenetes-allapotok-fertozes-orvoshiany-es-rengeteg-muhiba-a-magyar-korhazakban-1599265</ref>.

	It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.		It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.

Editor2018 at 13:09, 11 May 2020

2020-05-11T13:09:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 11 May 2020
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	\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova		\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova
	\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK		\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK
	\| authorwebsite =[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/greta-danisova-80a490a4 Profile page at LinkedIn]}}		\| authorwebsite =[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/greta-danisova-80a490a4 Profile page on LinkedIn]}}
	<big>'''By Greta Danisova, Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK'''</big>		<big>'''By Greta Danisova, Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK'''</big>
	[[Category:Hungary]]		[[Category:Hungary]]
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	</ref>. The ‘medical barons’ may put a small proportion of their ''hálapénz'' to a petty-cash fund and then distribute it among nurses and paramedics, crucial to their work.		</ref>. The ‘medical barons’ may put a small proportion of their ''hálapénz'' to a petty-cash fund and then distribute it among nurses and paramedics, crucial to their work.

	''Hálapénz'' is inseparable from the state of the Hungarian health system. Gratuity payments both help the health system function and diminish its resources. For every 1,000 patients in Hungary there are 7.1 hospital beds available (the EU average is 5.2 and in the UK and US the number is less than 3) (ibid.). This high availability incentivises doctors to treat patients in hospital instead of in more cost-efficient out-patient clinics. The number of days patients spend in the hospital in Hungary is 5.2 days. Even patients undergoing routine surgery often stay more than a day. While in the UK and Denmark 80 per cent of patients are discharged 24 hours after a routine operation, in Hungary this rate is only 8 per cent. Since ‘the amount of ''hálapénz'' corresponds to the size of the injury and duration of recovery’ (ibid.), longer recuperation periods result in more gratuity. Hungary is among the OECD countries with lowest wages in the heath sector and faces mass migration of medical staff (OECD 2016). A shortage of approximately 5,000 nurses in Hungarian hospitals affects the quality and the speed of hospital treatments. Outdated hospital equipment raises the risk of medical malpractice suits, and poorly maintained hospital rooms risk infection<ref>Danó, A. 2016. ‘Döbbenetes állapotok fertőzés, orvoshiány és műhibák a magyar kórházakban’, Nol.hu, 1 February, http://nol.hu/belfold/dobbenetes-allapotok-fertozes-orvoshiany-es-rengeteg-muhiba-a-magyar-korhazakban-1599265</ref>.		''Hálapénz'' is inseparable from the state of the Hungarian health system. Gratuity payments both help the health system function and diminish its [[resources]]. For every 1,000 patients in Hungary there are 7.1 hospital beds available (the EU average is 5.2 and in the UK and US the number is less than 3) (ibid.). This high availability incentivises doctors to treat patients in hospital instead of in more cost-efficient out-patient clinics. The number of days patients spend in the hospital in Hungary is 5.2 days. Even patients undergoing routine surgery often stay more than a day. While in the UK and Denmark 80 per cent of patients are discharged 24 hours after a routine operation, in Hungary this rate is only 8 per cent. Since ‘the amount of ''hálapénz'' corresponds to the size of the injury and duration of recovery’ (ibid.), longer recuperation periods result in more gratuity. Hungary is among the OECD countries with lowest wages in the heath sector and faces mass migration of medical staff (OECD 2016). A shortage of approximately 5,000 nurses in Hungarian hospitals affects the quality and the speed of hospital treatments. Outdated hospital equipment raises the risk of medical malpractice suits, and poorly maintained hospital rooms risk infection<ref>Danó, A. 2016. ‘Döbbenetes állapotok fertőzés, orvoshiány és műhibák a magyar kórházakban’, Nol.hu, 1 February, http://nol.hu/belfold/dobbenetes-allapotok-fertozes-orvoshiany-es-rengeteg-muhiba-a-magyar-korhazakban-1599265</ref>.

	It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.		It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.

Editor2018 at 14:54, 24 April 2020

2020-04-24T14:54:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 24 April 2020
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	It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.		It is often overlooked that ''hálapénz'' can be uncomfortable for the recipients as well. In 2015, ''1001 doctors against hálapénz'' formed a Facebook group and published an open letter addressing the issues of low wages and poor working conditions leading to the dependence of medical institutions on the informal income from ''hálapénz'' payments. The medical staff initiative emphasised that some physicians treat gifts as deposit for successful treatment or surgery and that gratuity payments ‘have nothing to do with gratitude anymore, because everybody is paying out of worry for their security. More precisely, for the illusion of security…’<ref>1001 Orvos hálapénz nélkül. 2015. ‘Nyílt level’, http://www.peticiok.com/az_1001_orvos_halapenz_nelkul_csoport_nyilt_levele_2015 </ref>. Yet being under treatment is often not only stressful but also passive. Patients may feel subordinated due to their limited medical competence. ''Hálapénz'' personalises the service, empowers a patient and provides one with a ‘sense of ownership and to become active decision-makers in one’s own healing process. Deciding upon what, how and why to give makes them matter again”<ref>Burai, P. 2016. Facing and Overcoming the Limitations of Anti-Corruption Legislation (Ph.D. thesis). Budapest: Eötvös Lóránd Tudományegyetem, pg. 167</ref>. Patients that insist on giving ‘’hálapénz’’ even when the doctor is unwilling to accept it, use tactics such as posting the money or leaving gifts in front of the doctors’ residences.
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~

	==References==		==References==

Admin at 12:08, 26 July 2019

2019-07-26T12:08:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:08, 26 July 2019
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	\| clusters =		\| clusters =
	\| categories =		\| categories =
	[[:Category:Hungary\|Hungary]] – [[:Category: CEE\| CEE]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: ~~Health care~~\| ~~Health care~~]] – [[:Category: Gratuity\| Gratuity]] – [[:Category: Tip\| Tip]] – [[:Category: Gift\| Gift]] – [[:Category: Payment\| Payment]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: Facilitation\| Facilitation]] – [[:Category: Public service\| Public service]]		[[:Category:Hungary\|Hungary]] – [[:Category: CEE\| CEE]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Healthcare\| Healthcare]] – [[:Category: Gratuity\| Gratuity]] – [[:Category: Tip\| Tip]] – [[:Category: Gift\| Gift]] – [[:Category: Payment\| Payment]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: Facilitation\| Facilitation]] – [[:Category: Public service\| Public service]]
	\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova		\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova
	\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK		\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK
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	[[Category: Europe]]		[[Category: Europe]]
	[[Category: EU]]		[[Category: EU]]
	[[Category: ~~Health care~~]]		[[Category: Healthcare]]
	[[Category: Gratuity]]		[[Category: Gratuity]]
	[[Category: Tip]]		[[Category: Tip]]

Admin at 12:40, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T12:40:42Z

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	#Ferguson, S. and Irvine, B. 2003. Background briefing: Hungary's healthcare system, Civitas, http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Hungary		#Ferguson, S. and Irvine, B. 2003. Background briefing: Hungary's healthcare system, Civitas, http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Hungary

	#Gaal, P., Belli, P., McKee, M. and Szócska, M. 2006. ‘Informal Payments for Health Care: Definitions, Distinctions, and Dilemmas’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 31(2): 251-293		#Gaal, P., Belli, P., McKee, M. and Szócska, M. 2006. ‘Informal Payments for Health Care: Definitions, Distinctions, and Dilemmas’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 31(2): 251-293

	#Kincses, G. 2011. ‘A hálapénzről, és biztos nem utoljára’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/A_halapenzrol_nem_utoljara.pdf		#Kincses, G. 2011. ‘A hálapénzről, és biztos nem utoljára’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/A_halapenzrol_nem_utoljara.pdf

	#Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html		#Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html

Admin at 12:40, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T12:40:08Z

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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| Everyday informality in the Hungarian health system is based on the notions of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'', terms referring to a common practice of informal payments. Unlike more general ‘tip’ or ‘tipping’ elsewhere in Eastern Europe, such as [[''spropitné'']] in Czech and ''bakshishi'' in Bulgarian (see [[baksheesh]]), the Hungarian terms ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' uniquely describe gratuities in the health sector. The Code of Ethics of the Hungarian Medical Chamber (2012) defines the practice, as ‘…any kind of advantage or allowance that is given to the doctor by the patient or his/her relatives subsequently, without being requested, if they do not influence the quality of the care by any means’ and adds that ‘expressing gratitude can only be voluntary’. Two features of gratuity stand out: its voluntary nature and timing. Gratuity cannot be requested and it should only be given after treatment. This distinguishes ''hálapénz'', assumed to be given out of gratitude, from bribes or kickbacks, which aim to influence outcomes (for example [[fakelaki]], [[mordida]], or [[otkat]]).		\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| Everyday informality in the Hungarian health system is based on the notions of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'', terms referring to a common practice of informal payments. Unlike more general ‘tip’ or ‘tipping’ elsewhere in Eastern Europe, such as ''spropitné'' in Czech and ''bakshishi'' in Bulgarian (see [[baksheesh]]), the Hungarian terms ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' uniquely describe gratuities in the health sector. The Code of Ethics of the Hungarian Medical Chamber (2012) defines the practice, as ‘…any kind of advantage or allowance that is given to the doctor by the patient or his/her relatives subsequently, without being requested, if they do not influence the quality of the care by any means’ and adds that ‘expressing gratitude can only be voluntary’. Two features of gratuity stand out: its voluntary nature and timing. Gratuity cannot be requested and it should only be given after treatment. This distinguishes ''hálapénz'', assumed to be given out of gratitude, from bribes or kickbacks, which aim to influence outcomes (for example [[fakelaki]], [[mordida]], or [[otkat]]).
	\|}		\|}
	The word ''paraszolvencia'' consists the prefix ''para'' meaning beside or beyond, and ''szolvencia'' from the Latin verb ''solvere'', meaning to loosen, solve or ease something. Thus ''paraszolvencia'' refers to actions that solve (a problem or situation) outside of the formal framework. Before the Second World War, the expression was used to refer to a petty-cash fund distributed to subordinate doctors and assistants by senior doctors in private practices<ref>Kornai, J. 2000. ‘Hidden in an Envelope’, kornai-janos.hu, http://www.kornai-janos.hu/Kornai2000-Hidden-in-an-envelope.pdf</ref>. With the disappearance of private surgeries during the communist era, ''paraszolvencia'' came to refer to gift giving and became associated with ''hálapénz'', literally ‘gratuity money.’ The distinction between sociability (monetary or non-monetary gratitude) and instrumental payments (made with a view of resolving certain issues) is subtle and often results in the interchangeable use of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' in order to disguise that money has changed hands<ref>Kincses, G. 2004. ‘A paraszolvencia kérdéséről’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/paraszolvencia%20kereserol%20publikaciohoz%20004%2002.pdf</ref>.		The word ''paraszolvencia'' consists the prefix ''para'' meaning beside or beyond, and ''szolvencia'' from the Latin verb ''solvere'', meaning to loosen, solve or ease something. Thus ''paraszolvencia'' refers to actions that solve (a problem or situation) outside of the formal framework. Before the Second World War, the expression was used to refer to a petty-cash fund distributed to subordinate doctors and assistants by senior doctors in private practices<ref>Kornai, J. 2000. ‘Hidden in an Envelope’, kornai-janos.hu, http://www.kornai-janos.hu/Kornai2000-Hidden-in-an-envelope.pdf</ref>. With the disappearance of private surgeries during the communist era, ''paraszolvencia'' came to refer to gift giving and became associated with ''hálapénz'', literally ‘gratuity money.’ The distinction between sociability (monetary or non-monetary gratitude) and instrumental payments (made with a view of resolving certain issues) is subtle and often results in the interchangeable use of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' in order to disguise that money has changed hands<ref>Kincses, G. 2004. ‘A paraszolvencia kérdéséről’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/paraszolvencia%20kereserol%20publikaciohoz%20004%2002.pdf</ref>.
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	==Further Reading==		==Further Reading==

	Ferguson, S. and Irvine, B. 2003. Background briefing: Hungary's healthcare system, Civitas, http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Hungary		#Ferguson, S. and Irvine, B. 2003. Background briefing: Hungary's healthcare system, Civitas, http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Hungary

	Gaal, P., Belli, P., McKee, M. and Szócska, M. 2006. ‘Informal Payments for Health Care: Definitions, Distinctions, and Dilemmas’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 31(2): 251-293		#Gaal, P., Belli, P., McKee, M. and Szócska, M. 2006. ‘Informal Payments for Health Care: Definitions, Distinctions, and Dilemmas’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 31(2): 251-293

	Kincses, G. 2011. ‘A hálapénzről, és biztos nem utoljára’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/A_halapenzrol_nem_utoljara.pdf		#Kincses, G. 2011. ‘A hálapénzről, és biztos nem utoljára’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/A_halapenzrol_nem_utoljara.pdf

	Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html		#Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html

Admin at 09:12, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T09:12:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 22 May 2019
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	[[:Category:Hungary\|Hungary]] – [[:Category: CEE\| CEE]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Health care\| Health care]] – [[:Category: Gratuity\| Gratuity]] – [[:Category: Tip\| Tip]] – [[:Category: Gift\| Gift]] – [[:Category: Payment\| Payment]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: Facilitation\| Facilitation]] – [[:Category: Public service\| Public service]]		[[:Category:Hungary\|Hungary]] – [[:Category: CEE\| CEE]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Health care\| Health care]] – [[:Category: Gratuity\| Gratuity]] – [[:Category: Tip\| Tip]] – [[:Category: Gift\| Gift]] – [[:Category: Payment\| Payment]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: Facilitation\| Facilitation]] – [[:Category: Public service\| Public service]]
	\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova		\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova
	\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK ~~and George Mason University, USA~~		\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK
	\| authorwebsite =[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/greta-danisova-80a490a4 Profile page at LinkedIn]}}		\| authorwebsite =[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/greta-danisova-80a490a4 Profile page at LinkedIn]}}
	<big>'''By Greta Danisova, Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK ~~and George Mason University, USA~~'''</big>		<big>'''By Greta Danisova, Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK'''</big>
	[[Category:Hungary]]		[[Category:Hungary]]
	[[Category: CEE]]		[[Category: CEE]]

Editor2018 at 16:28, 16 May 2019

2019-05-16T16:28:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 16 May 2019
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	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

			==References==
			<References />

	==Further Reading==		==Further Reading==
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	Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html		Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html

	~~==References==~~

Editor2018 at 15:56, 16 May 2019

2019-05-16T15:56:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 16 May 2019
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	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice = Hálapénz, paraszolvencia		\| nameofpractice =Hálapénz, paraszolvencia
	\| location = Hungary		\| flagemoji =🇭🇺
	\| imagemap = Hungary map.png		\| definition =Gifting of tipping as gratuity for health services
	\| ~~imageflag~~ = Hungary ~~flag.png~~		\| location =Hungary
	\| authorofpiece = Greta Danisova		\| imagemap =Hungary map.png
	\| authorinstitution = School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK		\| clusters =
	}}		\| categories =
			[[:Category:Hungary\|Hungary]] – [[:Category: CEE\| CEE]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Health care\| Health care]] – [[:Category: Gratuity\| Gratuity]] – [[:Category: Tip\| Tip]] – [[:Category: Gift\| Gift]] – [[:Category: Payment\| Payment]] – [[:Category: Money\| Money]] – [[:Category: Facilitation\| Facilitation]] – [[:Category: Public service\| Public service]]
	'''''~~Original text:~~ Greta Danisova, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK'''''		\| authorofpiece =Greta Danisova
			\| authorinstitution =Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK and George Mason University, USA
	~~<div~~ class="~~toccolours mw~~-~~collapsible mw~~-~~collapsed~~">		\| authorwebsite =[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/greta-danisova-80a490a4 Profile page at LinkedIn]}}
	Everyday informality in the Hungarian health system is based on the notions of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'', terms referring to a common practice of informal payments. Unlike more general ‘tip’ or ‘tipping’ elsewhere in Eastern Europe, such as [[''spropitné'']] in Czech and ''bakshishi'' in Bulgarian (see [[baksheesh]]), the Hungarian terms ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' uniquely describe gratuities in the health sector. The Code of Ethics of the Hungarian Medical Chamber (2012) defines the practice, as ‘…any kind of advantage or allowance that is given to the doctor by the patient or his/her relatives subsequently, without being requested, if they do not influence the quality of the care by any means’ and adds that ‘expressing gratitude can only be voluntary’. Two features of gratuity stand out: its voluntary nature and timing. Gratuity cannot be requested and it should only be given after treatment. This distinguishes ''hálapénz'', assumed to be given out of gratitude, from bribes or kickbacks, which aim to influence outcomes (for example [[fakelaki]], [[mordida]], or [[otkat]]).		<big>'''By Greta Danisova, Alumna, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, UK and George Mason University, USA'''</big>
			[[Category:Hungary]]
	~~<div class="mw-collapsible-content">~~		[[Category: CEE]]
			[[Category: Europe]]
			[[Category: EU]]
			[[Category: Health care]]
			[[Category: Gratuity]]
			[[Category: Tip]]
			[[Category: Gift]]
			[[Category: Payment]]
			[[Category: Money]]
			[[Category: Facilitation]]
			[[Category: Public service]]
			[[Category:Entry]]
			[[Category: 2018 entry]]
			[[Category: Alumni]]
			[[Category: SSEES]]
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| Everyday informality in the Hungarian health system is based on the notions of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'', terms referring to a common practice of informal payments. Unlike more general ‘tip’ or ‘tipping’ elsewhere in Eastern Europe, such as [[''spropitné'']] in Czech and ''bakshishi'' in Bulgarian (see [[baksheesh]]), the Hungarian terms ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' uniquely describe gratuities in the health sector. The Code of Ethics of the Hungarian Medical Chamber (2012) defines the practice, as ‘…any kind of advantage or allowance that is given to the doctor by the patient or his/her relatives subsequently, without being requested, if they do not influence the quality of the care by any means’ and adds that ‘expressing gratitude can only be voluntary’. Two features of gratuity stand out: its voluntary nature and timing. Gratuity cannot be requested and it should only be given after treatment. This distinguishes ''hálapénz'', assumed to be given out of gratitude, from bribes or kickbacks, which aim to influence outcomes (for example [[fakelaki]], [[mordida]], or [[otkat]]).
			\|}
	The word ''paraszolvencia'' consists the prefix ''para'' meaning beside or beyond, and ''szolvencia'' from the Latin verb ''solvere'', meaning to loosen, solve or ease something. Thus ''paraszolvencia'' refers to actions that solve (a problem or situation) outside of the formal framework. Before the Second World War, the expression was used to refer to a petty-cash fund distributed to subordinate doctors and assistants by senior doctors in private practices<ref>Kornai, J. 2000. ‘Hidden in an Envelope’, kornai-janos.hu, http://www.kornai-janos.hu/Kornai2000-Hidden-in-an-envelope.pdf</ref>. With the disappearance of private surgeries during the communist era, ''paraszolvencia'' came to refer to gift giving and became associated with ''hálapénz'', literally ‘gratuity money.’ The distinction between sociability (monetary or non-monetary gratitude) and instrumental payments (made with a view of resolving certain issues) is subtle and often results in the interchangeable use of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' in order to disguise that money has changed hands<ref>Kincses, G. 2004. ‘A paraszolvencia kérdéséről’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/paraszolvencia%20kereserol%20publikaciohoz%20004%2002.pdf</ref>.		The word ''paraszolvencia'' consists the prefix ''para'' meaning beside or beyond, and ''szolvencia'' from the Latin verb ''solvere'', meaning to loosen, solve or ease something. Thus ''paraszolvencia'' refers to actions that solve (a problem or situation) outside of the formal framework. Before the Second World War, the expression was used to refer to a petty-cash fund distributed to subordinate doctors and assistants by senior doctors in private practices<ref>Kornai, J. 2000. ‘Hidden in an Envelope’, kornai-janos.hu, http://www.kornai-janos.hu/Kornai2000-Hidden-in-an-envelope.pdf</ref>. With the disappearance of private surgeries during the communist era, ''paraszolvencia'' came to refer to gift giving and became associated with ''hálapénz'', literally ‘gratuity money.’ The distinction between sociability (monetary or non-monetary gratitude) and instrumental payments (made with a view of resolving certain issues) is subtle and often results in the interchangeable use of ''hálapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' in order to disguise that money has changed hands<ref>Kincses, G. 2004. ‘A paraszolvencia kérdéséről’, Kincsesgyula.hu, http://www.kincsesgyula.hu/dokumentumok/paraszolvencia%20kereserol%20publikaciohoz%20004%2002.pdf</ref>.

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	</div>		</div>
	</div>		</div>

	~~==Notes==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~[[Category: 2018 entry]]~~
	~~[[Category: medical care]]~~
	~~[[Category: gratuity]]~~
	~~[[Category: Hungary]]~~
	~~[[Category: tip]]~~
	~~[[Category: health care]]~~
	~~[[Category:Entry]]~~

	==Further Reading==		==Further Reading==
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	Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html		Lantos, G. and Kincses, G. 2016. ‘Így keresnek az orvosbárók évi 100 millió forintot’, Portfolio, 23 April, http://www.portfolio.hu/gazdasag/egeszseggazdasag/igy_keresnek_az_orvosbarok_evi_100_millio_forintot.230793.html

			==References==

Admin at 15:33, 8 October 2018

2018-10-08T15:33:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:33, 8 October 2018
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	[[Category: tip]]		[[Category: tip]]
	[[Category: health care]]		[[Category: health care]]
	~~[[Category: tipping]]~~
	[[Category:Entry]]		[[Category:Entry]]