Maan tapa (Finland) - Revision history

Admin at 15:34, 24 June 2019

2019-06-24T15:34:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 24 June 2019
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	Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language.		Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language.

			[[File:maan_tapa_1.jpg\|thumb\|left\|300px\|Korhonen's book on ''maan tapa''. Source: Author. © Simo Mannila.]]

	The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston,		The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston,
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	Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-740- 8.pdf</ref>). Therefore, to address its nature, the future research on ''maan tapa'' should include studies of relevant historical lawsuits and their normative and public argumentation, studies on the use of the term in the media, and the development of indicators such as legal lawsuits statistics or relevance of ''maan tapa'' in various contexts.		Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-740- 8.pdf</ref>). Therefore, to address its nature, the future research on ''maan tapa'' should include studies of relevant historical lawsuits and their normative and public argumentation, studies on the use of the term in the media, and the development of indicators such as legal lawsuits statistics or relevance of ''maan tapa'' in various contexts.

	~~[[File:maan_tapa_1.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|Korhonen's book on ''maan tapa''. Source: Author. © Simo Mannila.]]~~
	''Maan tapa'' is the subject of Jarmo Korhonen’s book on funding of Finnish political parties (2015<ref name="korhonen">Korhonen, J. 2015. Maan tapa. Helsinki: Tammi</ref>, cf. Joutsen and Keränen 2009<ref>Joutsen, M. and Keränen, J. 2009. Corruption and prevention of corruption in Finland. Helsinki: Ministry of Justice</ref>). In Finland, as well as other European countries, there is a wealth of organisations attached to political parties. Some organisations attempt to influence them, also via financial scheming. Political funding often comes also from the business sector, sometimes via intermediaries, and is aimed at specific politicians, rather than political parties. Between 2000 and 2010, electoral funding was the subject of cases of litigation in which businessmen, typically men, were accused of bribing political parties and were condemned by district courts, yet subsequently acquitted in higher courts, either partly or completely. Korhonen, the secretary of the Centre Party between 2006 and 2010, was himself involved in lawsuits related to irregularities in financing the elections. In the book spanning 776 pages, he argues that all Finnish political parties have to some extent used financial scheming. Korhonen states that ‘''maan tapa'' describe[d] Finnish society in the 2000s’, and adds that ‘it is important for the reader to understand that the media was a part of maan tapa’ (Korhonen 2015: 7<ref name="korhonen" />). The media was implicated by selectively covering political lawsuits. While the back cover prominently linked ''maan tapa'' with corruption in Finland, Korhonen’s book did not receive any major attention and did not spur any legal action despite its detailed contents.		''Maan tapa'' is the subject of Jarmo Korhonen’s book on funding of Finnish political parties (2015<ref name="korhonen">Korhonen, J. 2015. Maan tapa. Helsinki: Tammi</ref>, cf. Joutsen and Keränen 2009<ref>Joutsen, M. and Keränen, J. 2009. Corruption and prevention of corruption in Finland. Helsinki: Ministry of Justice</ref>). In Finland, as well as other European countries, there is a wealth of organisations attached to political parties. Some organisations attempt to influence them, also via financial scheming. Political funding often comes also from the business sector, sometimes via intermediaries, and is aimed at specific politicians, rather than political parties. Between 2000 and 2010, electoral funding was the subject of cases of litigation in which businessmen, typically men, were accused of bribing political parties and were condemned by district courts, yet subsequently acquitted in higher courts, either partly or completely. Korhonen, the secretary of the Centre Party between 2006 and 2010, was himself involved in lawsuits related to irregularities in financing the elections. In the book spanning 776 pages, he argues that all Finnish political parties have to some extent used financial scheming. Korhonen states that ‘''maan tapa'' describe[d] Finnish society in the 2000s’, and adds that ‘it is important for the reader to understand that the media was a part of maan tapa’ (Korhonen 2015: 7<ref name="korhonen" />). The media was implicated by selectively covering political lawsuits. While the back cover prominently linked ''maan tapa'' with corruption in Finland, Korhonen’s book did not receive any major attention and did not spur any legal action despite its detailed contents.

Editor2018 at 16:40, 17 May 2019

2019-05-17T16:40:36Z

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	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice =Maan tapa		\| nameofpractice =Maan tapa
	\| flagemoji =		\| flagemoji =🇫🇮
	\| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence		\| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence
	\| location =Finland		\| location =Finland

Editor2018 at 16:26, 17 May 2019

2019-05-17T16:26:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:26, 17 May 2019
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	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice =Maan tapa		\| nameofpractice =Maan tapa
	\| flagemoji =🇫🇮		\| flagemoji =
	\| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence		\| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence
	\| location =Finland		\| location =Finland

Editor2018 at 15:02, 17 May 2019

2019-05-17T15:02:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 17 May 2019
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	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice = Maan tapa		\| nameofpractice =Maan tapa
	\| location = Finland		\| flagemoji =🇫🇮
	\| imagemap = Finland map.png		\| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence
	\| ~~imageflag~~ = Finland ~~flag.png~~		\| location =Finland
	\| authorofpiece = Simo Mannila		\| imagemap =Finland map.png
	\| authorinstitution = University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland		\| clusters =
	}}		\| categories =
			[[:Category:Finland\|Finland]] – [[:Category: Scandinavia\| Scandinavia]] – [[:Category: Europe\| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU\| EU]] – [[:Category: Custom law\| Custom law]] – [[:Category: Justice\| Justice]] – [[:Category: Influence\| Influence]] – [[:Category: Political party\| Political party]] – [[:Category: Elite\| Elite]] – [[:Category: Personal connections\| Personal connections]] – [[:Category: Favour\| Favour]] – [[:Category: Media\| Media]] – [[:Category: Public opinion\| Public opinion]]
	'''''~~Original text:~~ Simo Mannila, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland'''''		\| authorofpiece =Simo Mannila
			\| authorinstitution =Department of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland
	~~<div~~ class="~~toccolours mw~~-~~collapsible mw~~-~~collapsed~~">		\| authorwebsite =[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simo_Mannila Profile page at Researchgate]}}
	The Finnish term ''maan tapa'' refers to a parallel legal system, the Finnish Wikipedia (2017<ref name="finwiki" />) explains that when no primary, or written, legislation is available, a secondary law of ''maan tapa'' is applied. The term can be translated as a custom law. To become a custom law, an established practice needs to be considered binding, accepted by all parties, and not be prohibited explicitly by legislation. The Finnish Parliament (2017<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2017. Yleisistä oikeuslähteistä ja oikeudellisesta informaatiosta,		<big>'''By Simo Mannila, Department of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland'''</big>
			[[Category:Finland]]
			[[Category: Scandinavia]]
			[[Category: Europe]]
			[[Category: EU]]
			[[Category: Custom law]]
			[[Category: Justice]]
			[[Category: Influence]]
			[[Category: Political party]]
			[[Category: Elite]]
			[[Category: Personal connections]]
			[[Category: Favour]]
			[[Category: Media]]
			[[Category: Public opinion]]
			[[Category:Entry]]
			[[Category: 2018 entry]]
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\|The Finnish term ''maan tapa'' refers to a parallel legal system, the Finnish Wikipedia (2017<ref name="finwiki" />) explains that when no primary, or written, legislation is available, a secondary law of ''maan tapa'' is applied. The term can be translated as a custom law. To become a custom law, an established practice needs to be considered binding, accepted by all parties, and not be prohibited explicitly by legislation. The Finnish Parliament (2017<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2017. Yleisistä oikeuslähteistä ja oikeudellisesta informaatiosta,
	https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/kotimaiset-oikeuslahteet/Sivut/Yleista-oikeuslahteista- ja-oikeudellisesta- informaatiosta.aspx</ref>) also refers to ''maan tapa'' as custom law, but states that situations where ''maan tapa'' would constitute a source of law are very rare. In juridical literature the term dates back to the eighteenth century. It is included in the Swedish 1734 legal code, historically an important source of Finnish law (Finnish Wikipedia 2017<ref name="finwiki">Finnish Wikipedia. 2017. ‘Maan tapa’, https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan_tapa</ref>; Finnish Parliament 2009<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2009. Lakikirjanäyttely, 1734 laki,		https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/kotimaiset-oikeuslahteet/Sivut/Yleista-oikeuslahteista- ja-oikeudellisesta- informaatiosta.aspx</ref>) also refers to ''maan tapa'' as custom law, but states that situations where ''maan tapa'' would constitute a source of law are very rare. In juridical literature the term dates back to the eighteenth century. It is included in the Swedish 1734 legal code, historically an important source of Finnish law (Finnish Wikipedia 2017<ref name="finwiki">Finnish Wikipedia. 2017. ‘Maan tapa’, https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan_tapa</ref>; Finnish Parliament 2009<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2009. Lakikirjanäyttely, 1734 laki,
	https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/Documents/Lakikirja250-1734.pdf</ref>).		https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/Documents/Lakikirja250-1734.pdf</ref>).
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	toimituksessa – On päässyt muodostumaan maan tavaksi että Yleen voi vaikuttaa’, Etelä-Saimaa,		toimituksessa – On päässyt muodostumaan maan tavaksi että Yleen voi vaikuttaa’, Etelä-Saimaa,
	15 May, https://esaimaa.fi/uutiset/lahella/0090245b-6661- 4bcc-8cee- b61ea8216238</ref>).		15 May, https://esaimaa.fi/uutiset/lahella/0090245b-6661- 4bcc-8cee- b61ea8216238</ref>).
			\|}

	~~<div class="mw-collapsible-content">~~
	Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language.		Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language.

	The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston,		The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston,
	www.uva.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-328- 8.pdf</ref>; Salminen and Mäntysalo 2013<ref>Salminen A. and Mäntysalo V. 2013. Epäeettisestä tuomittavaan: korruptio ja hyvä veli –verkostot		www.uva.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-328- 8.pdf</ref>; Salminen and Mäntysalo 2013<ref>Salminen A. and Mäntysalo V. 2013. Epäeettisestä tuomittavaan: korruptio ja [[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]] –verkostot
	Suomessa. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952-476-429-2.pdf</ref>; Peurala and Muttilainen 2015<ref>Peurala J. and Muttilainen V. 2015. ‘Korruption riskikohteet 2010-luvun Suomessa’,		Suomessa. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952-476-429-2.pdf</ref>; Peurala and Muttilainen 2015<ref>Peurala J. and Muttilainen V. 2015. ‘Korruption riskikohteet 2010-luvun Suomessa’,
	Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 115, Tampere: Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu</ref>; [[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]). According to the Transparency International corruption perception index (CPI 2016<ref>Transparency International. 2016. Corruption Perception Index 2016,		Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 115, Tampere: Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu</ref>; [[Hyvä Veli\|hyvä veli]]). According to the Transparency International corruption perception index (CPI 2016<ref>Transparency International. 2016. Corruption Perception Index 2016,
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	An interesting reference to ''maan tapa'' is a 2012 album ''Maan tapa''<ref>Paleface and Julkinen Sana. 2012. ‘Maan tapa’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkdw4wqJp38</ref> by Finnish rapper Paleface and his band. In the album, the term has lost both its original sense and its more common ironic meaning. It offers a broad, aggressively critical analysis of the contemporary Finnish society. The title of the album suggests that the term is widely used and its meaning is constantly changing, depending on the time period, the users and the context.		An interesting reference to ''maan tapa'' is a 2012 album ''Maan tapa''<ref>Paleface and Julkinen Sana. 2012. ‘Maan tapa’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkdw4wqJp38</ref> by Finnish rapper Paleface and his band. In the album, the term has lost both its original sense and its more common ironic meaning. It offers a broad, aggressively critical analysis of the contemporary Finnish society. The title of the album suggests that the term is widely used and its meaning is constantly changing, depending on the time period, the users and the context.
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~

	~~==Notes==~~

	~~<references />~~

	~~[[Category: Finland]]~~		==References==
	~~[[Category: EU]]~~
	~~[[Category: custom law]]~~
	~~[[Category: gift]]~~
	~~[[Category: favour]]~~
	~~[[Category: Personal Networks]]~~
	~~[[Category: political party]]~~
	~~[[Category: media]]~~
	~~[[Category: Informal Practices]]~~
	~~[[Category: network]]~~
	~~[[Category:Entry]]~~
	~~[[Category:2018 entry]]~~

Admin at 14:46, 5 February 2019

2019-02-05T14:46:56Z

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	<references />		<references />

			[[Category: Finland]]
			[[Category: EU]]
	[[Category: custom law]]		[[Category: custom law]]
	[[Category: gift]]		[[Category: gift]]

Admin at 16:18, 5 October 2018

2018-10-05T16:18:23Z

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	[[Category: Personal Networks]]		[[Category: Personal Networks]]
	[[Category: political ~~parties~~]]		[[Category: political party]]
	[[Category: media]]		[[Category: media]]
	[[Category: Informal Practices]]		[[Category: Informal Practices]]

Admin at 16:33, 20 September 2018

2018-09-20T16:33:28Z

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Admin at 13:59, 19 September 2018

2018-09-19T13:59:56Z

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	~~[[Category: corruption]]~~
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Admin at 13:25, 3 July 2018

2018-07-03T13:25:17Z

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Admin at 12:51, 3 July 2018

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