Tsartsaani Nüüdel (Mongolia) - Revision history

Admin at 15:59, 6 October 2020

2020-10-06T15:59:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, 6 October 2020
Line 8:		Line 8:
	[[:Category:Domination\|Domination]] – [[:Category: Motivational ambivalence\| Motivational ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Control\| Control]] – [[:Category: Informal governance\| Informal governance]]		[[:Category:Domination\|Domination]] – [[:Category: Motivational ambivalence\| Motivational ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Control\| Control]] – [[:Category: Informal governance\| Informal governance]]
	\| categories =		\| categories =
	[[:Category:Mongolia\|Mongolia]] – [[:Category: East Asia\| East Asia]] – [[:Category: Political party\| Political party]] – [[:Category: ~~Election~~\| ~~Election~~]] – [[:Category: Migration\| Migration]] – [[:Category: Transport\| Transport]]		[[:Category:Mongolia\|Mongolia]] – [[:Category: East Asia\| East Asia]] – [[:Category: Political party\| Political party]] – [[:Category: Elections\| Elections]] – [[:Category: Migration\| Migration]] – [[:Category: Transport\| Transport]]
	\| authorofpiece =Liz Fox		\| authorofpiece =Liz Fox
	\| authorinstitution =Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK		\| authorinstitution =Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK
Line 20:		Line 20:
	[[Category: East Asia]]		[[Category: East Asia]]
	[[Category: Political party]]		[[Category: Political party]]
	[[Category: ~~Election~~]]		[[Category: Elections]]
	[[Category: Migration]]		[[Category: Migration]]
	[[Category: Transport]]		[[Category: Transport]]

Admin at 13:39, 23 May 2019

2019-05-23T13:39:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 23 May 2019
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\| definition =Distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged before an election in order to influence it.		\| definition =Distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged before an election in order to influence it.
	\| location =Mongolia		\| location =Mongolia
	\| imagemap =~~Mongolia map~~.png		\| imagemap =Mongoliamap.png
	\| clusters =		\| clusters =
	[[:Category:Domination\|Domination]] – [[:Category: Motivational ambivalence\| Motivational ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Control\| Control]] – [[:Category: Informal governance\| Informal governance]]		[[:Category:Domination\|Domination]] – [[:Category: Motivational ambivalence\| Motivational ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Control\| Control]] – [[:Category: Informal governance\| Informal governance]]
Line 27:		Line 27:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| ''[[Tsartsaani nüüdel]]'' refers to a distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged to influence the outcome of an election.		\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| ''Tsartsaani nüüdel'' refers to a distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged to influence the outcome of an election.

	The term most commonly refers to the practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually		The term most commonly refers to the practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually

Editor2018 at 20:20, 17 May 2019

2019-05-17T20:20:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 17 May 2019
Line 30:		Line 30:

	The term most commonly refers to the practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually		The term most commonly refers to the practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually
	provided with transportation on the day of the election and instructed to cast their votes for a particular candidate; they are then transported back to their home district, where their paperwork is re-registered to reflect their actual place of residence. Literally translated as ‘locust migration’, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' consists of two Mongolian words, ''tsartsaa'' (царцаа) meaning locust or grasshopper, and ''nüüdel'' (нүүдэл) meaning migration or movement<ref>Starosin, S., Dybo, A. and Mudrak, O. with the assistance of Gruntov, I. and Glumov, V. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers</ref>. In its formal meaning, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' denotes a swarm of locusts that descends onto the land and devours all the good grass before moving on to new pastures.		provided with transportation on the day of the election and instructed to cast their votes for a particular candidate; they are then transported back to their home district, where their paperwork is re-registered to reflect their actual place of residence.

			Literally translated as ‘locust migration’, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' consists of two Mongolian words, ''tsartsaa'' (царцаа) meaning locust or grasshopper, and ''nüüdel'' (нүүдэл) meaning migration or movement<ref>Starosin, S., Dybo, A. and Mudrak, O. with the assistance of Gruntov, I. and Glumov, V. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers</ref>. In its formal meaning, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' denotes a swarm of locusts that descends onto the land and devours all the good grass before moving on to new pastures.

	\|}		\|}

Editor2018 at 14:30, 17 May 2019

2019-05-17T14:30:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 17 May 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{infobox		{{infobox
	\| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani ~~Nüüdel~~		\| nameofpractice =Tsartsaani nüüdel
	\| location = Mongolia		\| flagemoji = 🇲🇳
	\| imagemap = ~~Mongoliamap~~.png		\| definition =Distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged before an election in order to influence it.
	\| ~~imageflag~~ = Mongolia ~~flag.png~~		\| location =Mongolia
	\| authorofpiece = ~~Elizabeth~~ Fox		\| imagemap =Mongolia map.png
	\| authorinstitution = ~~the~~ Department of Anthropology, University College London		\| clusters =
	}}		[[:Category:Domination\|Domination]] – [[:Category: Motivational ambivalence\| Motivational ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Control\| Control]] – [[:Category: Informal governance\| Informal governance]]
			\| categories =
			[[:Category:Mongolia\|Mongolia]] – [[:Category: East Asia\| East Asia]] – [[:Category: Political party\| Political party]] – [[:Category: Election\| Election]] – [[:Category: Migration\| Migration]] – [[:Category: Transport\| Transport]]
			\| authorofpiece =Liz Fox
			\| authorinstitution =Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK
			\| authorwebsite =[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/people/research-students/liz-fox Profile page at UCL]}}
			<big>'''By Liz Fox, Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK'''</big>
			[[Category:Domination]]
			[[Category: Motivational ambivalence]]
			[[Category: Control]]
			[[Category: Informal governance]]
			[[Category:Mongolia]]
			[[Category: East Asia]]
			[[Category: Political party]]
			[[Category: Election]]
			[[Category: Migration]]
			[[Category: Transport]]
			[[Category:Entry]]
			[[Category: Volume 2]]
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			\|style="font-size:1.1em;"\| ''[[Tsartsaani nüüdel]]'' refers to a distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is arranged to influence the outcome of an election.

	'''''~~Original text: Elizabeth Fox~~, ~~Department~~ of ~~Anthropology~~, ~~University College London'~~''''		The term most commonly refers to the practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually
			provided with transportation on the day of the election and instructed to cast their votes for a particular candidate; they are then transported back to their home district, where their paperwork is re-registered to reflect their actual place of residence. Literally translated as ‘locust migration’, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' consists of two Mongolian words, ''tsartsaa'' (царцаа) meaning locust or grasshopper, and ''nüüdel'' (нүүдэл) meaning migration or movement<ref>Starosin, S., Dybo, A. and Mudrak, O. with the assistance of Gruntov, I. and Glumov, V. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers</ref>. In its formal meaning, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' denotes a swarm of locusts that descends onto the land and devours all the good grass before moving on to new pastures.

			\|}

	~~<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">~~
	~~''Tsartsaani nüüdel'' refers to a distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is~~
	~~arranged to influence the outcome of an election. The term most commonly refers to the~~
	~~practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in~~
	~~order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually~~
	~~provided with transportation on the day of the election and instructed to cast their votes for a~~
	~~particular candidate; they are then transported back to their home district, where their~~
	~~paperwork is re-registered to reflect their actual place of residence. Literally translated as~~
	~~‘locust migration’, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' consists of two Mongolian words, ''tsartsaa'' (царцаа)~~
	~~meaning locust or grasshopper, and ''nüüdel'' (нүүдэл) meaning migration or movement<ref>Starosin, S., Dybo, A. and Mudrak, O. with the assistance of Gruntov, I. and Glumov, V.~~
	~~2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers</ref>. In its formal meaning, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' denotes a swarm of locusts~~
	~~that descends onto the land and devours all the good grass before moving on to new pastures.~~

	~~<div class="mw-collapsible-content">~~
	While there is practically no documentation regarding the history of the term, the		While there is practically no documentation regarding the history of the term, the
	metaphorical allegory it evokes is clear: a sudden ‘swarm’ of voters is brought in from		metaphorical allegory it evokes is clear: a sudden ‘swarm’ of voters is brought in from
Line 120:		Line 129:
	73</ref>, ''tsartsaani		73</ref>, ''tsartsaani
	nüüdel'' is often spoken about in the disappointed tones of those who feel left out of the		nüüdel'' is often spoken about in the disappointed tones of those who feel left out of the
	benefits of moving ‘locusts’ from one place to another. Likewise, being involved as a ‘locust’		benefits of moving ‘locusts’ from one place to another.

			Likewise, being involved as a ‘locust’
	in such schemes may lead to confusion and insecurity regarding a central tenet of the		in such schemes may lead to confusion and insecurity regarding a central tenet of the
	democratic process: the secret ballot. Many who are instructed to vote for a particular		democratic process: the secret ballot. Many who are instructed to vote for a particular
Line 135:		Line 146:
	''tsartsaani nüüdel'' may provoke feelings of marginalisation among those who find themselves		''tsartsaani nüüdel'' may provoke feelings of marginalisation among those who find themselves
	cast as locust pawns in the migratory games of the rich and powerful.		cast as locust pawns in the migratory games of the rich and powerful.
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~

	==~~Notes~~==		==References==
	<references />		<references />
	~~'''~~Further reading~~:'''<br>~~
			==Further reading==
	Dawaanyam, T. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Nemedgsen Gew,’ News.mn, 21 June		Dawaanyam, T. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Nemedgsen Gew,’ News.mn, 21 June
	http://www.news.mn/r/306457<br>		http://www.news.mn/r/306457<br>
Line 153:		Line 163:
	Zoltsetseg, G. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-iig Tsagdaa Shalgah Bolomjtoi,’ Eagle.mn, 29		Zoltsetseg, G. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-iig Tsagdaa Shalgah Bolomjtoi,’ Eagle.mn, 29
	Junehttp://eagle.mn/r/13502		Junehttp://eagle.mn/r/13502

	~~[[Category:Entry]]~~
	~~[[Category:Mongolia]]~~

Admin at 13:11, 3 July 2018

2018-07-03T13:11:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 3 July 2018
Line 153:		Line 153:
	Zoltsetseg, G. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-iig Tsagdaa Shalgah Bolomjtoi,’ Eagle.mn, 29		Zoltsetseg, G. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-iig Tsagdaa Shalgah Bolomjtoi,’ Eagle.mn, 29
	Junehttp://eagle.mn/r/13502		Junehttp://eagle.mn/r/13502

			[[Category:Entry]]
			[[Category:Mongolia]]

Admin at 13:26, 25 May 2018

2018-05-25T13:26:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:26, 25 May 2018
Line 138:		Line 138:
	</div>		</div>

	==~~Bibliography~~==		==Notes==
	<references />		<references />
	'''~~Additional References~~'''<br>		'''Further reading:'''<br>
	Dawaanyam, T. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Nemedgsen Gew,’ News.mn, 21 June		Dawaanyam, T. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Nemedgsen Gew,’ News.mn, 21 June
	http://www.news.mn/r/306457<br>		http://www.news.mn/r/306457<br>

Admin at 20:02, 24 May 2018

2018-05-24T20:02:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 24 May 2018
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel		\| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel
	\| location = Mongolia		\| location = Mongolia
	\| imagemap = ~~Mongolia_map~~.png		\| imagemap = Mongoliamap.png
	\| imageflag = Mongolia flag.png		\| imageflag = Mongolia flag.png
	\| authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox		\| authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox

Admin at 19:56, 24 May 2018

2018-05-24T19:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 24 May 2018
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel		\| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel
	\| location = Mongolia		\| location = Mongolia
	\| imagemap = ~~Mongolia map~~.png		\| imagemap = Mongolia_map.png
	\| imageflag = Mongolia flag.png		\| imageflag = Mongolia flag.png
	\| authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox		\| authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel | location = Mongolia | imagemap = Mongolia map.png | imageflag = Mongolia flag.png | authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox..."

2018-05-24T19:55:20Z

Created page with "{{infobox | nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel | location = Mongolia | imagemap = Mongolia map.png | imageflag = Mongolia flag.png | authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox..."

New page

{{infobox
| nameofpractice = Tsartsaani Nüüdel
| location = Mongolia
| imagemap = Mongolia map.png
| imageflag = Mongolia flag.png
| authorofpiece = Elizabeth Fox
| authorinstitution = the Department of Anthropology, University College London
}}

'''''Original text: Elizabeth Fox, Department of Anthropology, University College London'''''

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
''Tsartsaani nüüdel'' refers to a distinctly Mongolian type of population movement that is
arranged to influence the outcome of an election. The term most commonly refers to the
practice of registering people to vote in a constituency where they are not in fact residents, in
order to boost the votes for a specific candidate. The newly registered voters are usually
provided with transportation on the day of the election and instructed to cast their votes for a
particular candidate; they are then transported back to their home district, where their
paperwork is re-registered to reflect their actual place of residence. Literally translated as
‘locust migration’, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' consists of two Mongolian words, ''tsartsaa'' (царцаа)
meaning locust or grasshopper, and ''nüüdel'' (нүүдэл) meaning migration or movement<ref>Starosin, S., Dybo, A. and Mudrak, O. with the assistance of Gruntov, I. and Glumov, V.
2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers</ref>. In its formal meaning, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' denotes a swarm of locusts
that descends onto the land and devours all the good grass before moving on to new pastures.

<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
While there is practically no documentation regarding the history of the term, the
metaphorical allegory it evokes is clear: a sudden ‘swarm’ of voters is brought in from
outside in order to influence an election through their numbers, ‘swallowing’ up the votes of
genuine local residents. The metaphor of ‘eating’ (''ideh'' means to eat) is widely used in
Mongolia to refer to the misappropriation of funds and resources. However, a significant
difference between a swarm of locusts and an invasion of voters is that, while locusts do not
have a ‘boss,’ significant planning and organisation go into fixing voters’ paperwork and
arranging their transportation. In other words, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' is not a ‘spontaneous’ or
‘everyday’ practice. It is a top-down-directed strategy deliberately organised by elites in
positions of power to influence elections in ways that will benefit themselves and/or their
business or personal networks.

''Tsartsaani nüüdel'' is found in both the private and the public spheres. For example, in
the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, workers in a local government office (''horoo'') may be
instructed to re-register themselves in a neighbouring administrative district. Since the ''horoo''
is in charge of registering citizens’ residency papers, it is not difficult to organise this kind of
''tsartsaani nüüdel''. ''Horoo'' leaders may engage (or be engaged) in ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' given that
they have connections to political parties—unlike their workers who, as civil servants, are
officially apolitical. ''Tsartsaani nüüdel'' is, however, most common in the private sector and
can be remarkably ostentatious. It is not unheard of for the entire staff of a large company
based in Ulaanbaatar to be temporarily ‘migrated’ to a remote countryside district hundreds
of kilometres from the city centre. Company employees are housed for a few nights in the
countryside and then returned from their ‘locust’ holiday migration. The bosses of such
companies are generally well integrated into both the political and the business networks
needed to facilitate these schemes.

Those who coordinate ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' clearly act because they believe they have
something to gain from it, as do all those engaged in other election-related informal activities.
Mongolia’s population of three million people is small, which means that the movement of
even a relatively small group can potentially have an impact on an election. Nevertheless, one
must ask why ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' specifically is practised in Mongolia. The answer to this
question may be illuminated through a comparison with the informal and/or institutionalised
practices known as gerrymandering and redrawing of constituency boundaries.

The overuse of the term ‘nomad’ and its associated concepts in the scholarship of
Mongolia has been convincingly criticised by scholars such as Humphrey and Sneath<ref>Humphrey, C. and Sneath, D. 1999.The End of Nomadism? Society State and the
Environment in Inner Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press</ref>.
Even so, mobility remains a key feature of Mongolian society in both rural and urban
contexts and the country has seen significant waves of urban-rural migration in recent years
<ref>Bruun, O. 2006. Precious Steppe: Mongolian Nomadic Pastoralists in Pursuit of the Market.
Lanham: Lexington Books</ref><ref>Murphy, D. 2015. ‘From kin to contract: labor, work and the production of authority in rural
Mongolia,’ The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42 (2): 397-424</ref>. As such, the state has experience of a population on the move
and ''horoos'' in Mongolia daily serve large numbers of people seeking to register their
migration between the city and countryside on temporary or semi-permanent bases. In this
context, being able to identify ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' in the large volume of ‘formal’ movement
may be difficult. In more sedentary societies, shifting votes from one constituency to another
is not usually done through the movement of people. Instead, political parties seek to redraw
boundaries in ways that provide them with demographic advantages<ref name="norris">Norris, P. 2016. Electoral Integrity in East Asia, Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 12 (1): 2</ref>.
Gerrymandering and/or malapportionment are thus analogous to ''tsartsaani nüüdel'', even
though they work through an opposite mechanism: namely, stable constituents, mobile
constituencies. Until just a few months before Mongolia’s parliamentary election of 2016,
gerrymandering could not take place because of a 2006 electoral-reform law<ref>OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. 2016. Mongolia Parliamentary
Elections 29 June 2016. OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report. Warsaw:
OSCE ODIHR</ref><ref>Lindberg, M. and Naran, A. 2016. ‘Late Changes to Mongolia’s Election Law Raise
Concerns Ahead of Next Week’s Polls,’ The Asia Foundation, 22 June
http://asiafoundation.org/2016/06/22/late-changes-mongolias-election-law-raise-concerns-
ahead-next-weeks-polls/</ref>. Thus, to create advantageous demographic conditions, the
people themselves had to be moved.

The implications of ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' are hard to pin down since there have so far been no
academic studies of the specific practice. It is, however, widely discussed in the Mongolian
language media and on online social networks. In June 2016, on the eve of the parliamentary
election, statistics were released detailing a few ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' cases and identifying
which districts were the ‘worst offenders’<ref>Jargal, D. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-eeree Dörwön Aimag Tergüüljee,’ Shuurhai.mn, 28
June http://www.shuurhai.mn/120207</ref>. While ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' remains a
popular topic for discussion and is often used as a political weapon between rivals, by some
accounts ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' activity peaked in 2008 and has been declining since. If its use has
indeed been declining, this may be due to various electoral and bureaucratic reforms, such as
the replacement in 2008 of registration papers by plastic passport cards. While the transition
period between the two forms of identification may have been rocky – some citizens ended
up with both the old and the new ID and were allegedly able to vote twice – the contemporary
card that is linked to a countrywide electronic database goes some way to regularising
population movements. Another reform has involved restricting the registration of migration
around the time of an election.

It could be argued that the primary effect of tsartsaani nüüdel is not so much its
concrete effect on elections. There are, of course, multiple formal and informal means by
which elections are influenced in ‘functioning’ democracies, including Mongolia<ref>Fritz, V. 2007. ‘Democratisation and Corruption in Mongolia,’ Public Administration and
Development, 27: 191-203</ref><ref name="norris /><ref>Fox, E. 2016. ‘The Road to Power’, Emerging Subjects Blog, Emerging Subjects Of The New
Economy: Tracing Economic Growth In Mongolia, 24 August
https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/mongolian-economy/2016/08/24/the-road-to-power/</ref>. Rather, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' may be seen as having subtle but far-
reaching effects. On the one hand, widespread discussion in the popular media means that
most citizens are aware of ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' and many even take it for granted. Those
involved in ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' schemes by their bosses rarely complain or resist. This is often
due to the instability of the job market in Mongolia: employees rarely take action that might
put them at risk of losing their jobs. It may also reveal deep-rooted concepts of hierarchy that
infuse many spheres of Mongolian society. In a darker sense, taking ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' for
granted and feeling unwilling or unable to extricate oneself from such schemes may point to a
generalised apathy toward the democratic process and even the rule of law in Mongolia <ref>Reeves, J. 2011. ‘Resources, Sovereignty, and Governance: Can Mongolia Avoid the
“Resource Curse”?’ Asian Journal of Political Science, 19 (2): 177-9</ref><ref>Sneath, D. 2006. ‘Transacting and Enacting: Corruption, Obligation and the Use of Monies in
Mongolia,’ Ethnos, 71 (1): 89-112</ref>. In a context of economic stagnation and of stark and
rapidly growing socio-economic inequality<ref>Rossabi, M. 2005. Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalism. Oakland:
University of California Press, 248</ref><ref>Højer, L. 2007. ‘Troubled Perspectives in the New Mongolian Economy,’ Inner Asia, 9: 261-
73</ref>, ''tsartsaani
nüüdel'' is often spoken about in the disappointed tones of those who feel left out of the
benefits of moving ‘locusts’ from one place to another. Likewise, being involved as a ‘locust’
in such schemes may lead to confusion and insecurity regarding a central tenet of the
democratic process: the secret ballot. Many who are instructed to vote for a particular
candidate by their superiors feel that they cannot be sure of the privacy of their vote. Just as
they do not resist being moved from place to place for fear of losing a precious job, likewise
voters may not take the risk of voting for any other than the ‘suggested’ candidate in case
they are found out.

In some cases, ''tsartsaani nüüdel'' may also be used to refer to the movement of
candidates. If, for example, a political party feels that a member of parliament’s success has
reached ‘saturation point’ in a particular district, s/he may be moved to ‘fresh pastures’ in
another constituency. The assigning of candidates to constituencies is a complex process
tightly controlled by political parties and rife with intense internal politicking. Both forms of
''tsartsaani nüüdel'' may provoke feelings of marginalisation among those who find themselves
cast as locust pawns in the migratory games of the rich and powerful.
</div>
</div>

==Bibliography==
<references />
'''Additional References'''<br>
Dawaanyam, T. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Nemedgsen Gew,’ News.mn, 21 June
http://www.news.mn/r/306457<br>
Enh, N. 2017. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel” Geh Hardlagaas Bolgoomjlow,’ Shuud.mn, 17 January
http://www.shuud.mn/content/read/478497.htm<br>
Empson, R. 2011. Harnessing Fortune: Personhood, Memory and Place in Mongolia.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<br>
Ninj, L. 2013. ‘Songuuliin Luiwar Ehellee,’ New.mn, 2 April
http://www.new.mn/News/Detail?news_code=4732<br>
Onon, Ts. 2008. ‘UIH-in Songuuliar 60 Gargui Terliin Bulhai Luiwar Hiijee,’ Olloo.mn, 30
July http://archive.olloo.mn/m/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=111601<br>
Zoltsetseg, G. 2016. ‘“Tsartsaani Nüüdel”-iig Tsagdaa Shalgah Bolomjtoi,’ Eagle.mn, 29
Junehttp://eagle.mn/r/13502