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{{infobox | {{infobox | ||
| nameofpractice =Raccomandazione | |||
| flagemoji = | |||
| definition =Lit.‘recommendation’ or ‘reference’, the use of social connections in order to get things done, especially in the context of patron-client relations | |||
| location =Italy | |||
| imagemap =Italy map.png | |||
| clusters = | |||
}} | [[:Category:Market|Market]] – [[:Category: Functional ambivalence| Functional ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Gaming the system| Gaming the system]] – [[:Category: Camouflage| Camouflage]] – [[:Category: Intermediation| Intermediation]] – [[:Category: Getting things done| Getting things done]] – [[:Category: Patron-client networks| Patron-client networks]] | ||
| categories = | |||
''' | [[:Category:Italy|Italy]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Personal connections| Personal connections]] – [[:Category: Patronage| Patronage]] – [[:Category: Influence| Influence]] – [[:Category: Triangle| Triangle]] | ||
| authorofpiece =Dorothy L. Zinn | |||
''Raccomandazione'' (n.) is a widespread phenomenon in Italian culture that refers to the use of social connections in order to get things done. In English, it can loosely be translated in a more literal sense as ‘recommendation’ or ‘reference’, but its connotation is more accurately that of clout, string pulling, influence and morally dubious backscratching. Informal practices in numerous other societies bear strong analogies to ''raccomandazione'': among these, we may consider French [[piston]], Russian [[blat]], Chinese [[guanxi]], Spanish [[enchufismo]], and German [[Vitamin B]] (‘B’ as in Beziehung, meaning relationship, see this volume). | | authorinstitution =Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen, Italy | ||
| authorwebsite =[https://www.unibz.it/en/faculties/education/academic-staff/person/31663-dorothy-louise-zinn Profile page at FUB]}} | |||
<big>'''By Dorothy L. Zinn, Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen, Italy'''</big> | |||
[[Category:Market]] | |||
[[Category: Functional ambivalence]] | |||
[[Category: Gaming the system]] | |||
[[Category: Camouflage]] | |||
[[Category: Intermediation]] | |||
[[Category: Getting things done]] | |||
[[Category: Patron-client networks]] | |||
[[Category:Italy]] | |||
[[Category: Europe]] | |||
[[Category: EU]] | |||
[[Category: Personal connections]] | |||
[[Category: Patronage]] | |||
[[Category: Influence]] | |||
[[Category: Triangle]] | |||
[[Category:Entry]] | |||
[[Category: Volume 2]] | |||
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|style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Raccomandazione'' (n.) is a widespread phenomenon in Italian culture that refers to the use of social connections in order to get things done. In English, it can loosely be translated in a more literal sense as ‘recommendation’ or ‘reference’, but its connotation is more accurately that of clout, string pulling, influence and morally dubious backscratching. Informal practices in numerous other societies bear strong analogies to ''raccomandazione'': among these, we may consider French [[piston]], Russian [[blat]], Chinese [[guanxi]], Spanish [[enchufismo]], and German [[Vitamin B]] (‘B’ as in Beziehung, meaning relationship, see this volume). | |||
|} | |||
In Italian, ''raccomandazione'' has a colloquial synonym, la ''spintarella'' (little push), other expressions associated with it include: ''ungere le ruole'' (to grease the wheels), ''il calcio nel sedere'' (a kick in the rear end [to propel someone forward]), and ''la chiave'' (a key [to open doors]). In spite of its common occurrence, a significant social stigma surrounds ''raccomandazione'', and it is therefore often referred to with the euphemism ''segnalazione'' (put a good word in for someone). In addition to its verb form, ''raccomandare'', the key nouns deriving from ''raccomandazione'' are ''raccomandato'' and ''raccomandante''. The ''raccomandato'' is a person who, bearing a ''raccomandazione'', makes use of it to achieve some end. The term is derogatory, usually used to describe someone who has unjustly received some benefit, implying that he lacks merit or has violated proper procedures in order to get ahead. The ''raccomandante'' is the person who, enjoying a position of power, prestige or influential relations, recommends the ''raccomandato''. A third term of more recent usage (especially in the press) but less widely adopted, is ''raccomandatario'', which denotes a person who is on the receiving end of a ''raccomandazione'' and who is presumably able to grant the request. | In Italian, ''raccomandazione'' has a colloquial synonym, la ''spintarella'' (little push), other expressions associated with it include: ''ungere le ruole'' (to grease the wheels), ''il calcio nel sedere'' (a kick in the rear end [to propel someone forward]), and ''la chiave'' (a key [to open doors]). In spite of its common occurrence, a significant social stigma surrounds ''raccomandazione'', and it is therefore often referred to with the euphemism ''segnalazione'' (put a good word in for someone). In addition to its verb form, ''raccomandare'', the key nouns deriving from ''raccomandazione'' are ''raccomandato'' and ''raccomandante''. The ''raccomandato'' is a person who, bearing a ''raccomandazione'', makes use of it to achieve some end. The term is derogatory, usually used to describe someone who has unjustly received some benefit, implying that he lacks merit or has violated proper procedures in order to get ahead. The ''raccomandante'' is the person who, enjoying a position of power, prestige or influential relations, recommends the ''raccomandato''. A third term of more recent usage (especially in the press) but less widely adopted, is ''raccomandatario'', which denotes a person who is on the receiving end of a ''raccomandazione'' and who is presumably able to grant the request. | ||
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# White, C.C. 1980. Patrons and Partisans: A Study of Politics in Two Southern Comuni. New York: Cambridge University Press. | # White, C.C. 1980. Patrons and Partisans: A Study of Politics in Two Southern Comuni. New York: Cambridge University Press. | ||
== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||