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The value added of this brief introductory treatise is that I first introduce the papers written for the chapter, and secondly I present the essence of a case study to demonstrate simultaneous and mutually reinforcing impacts of ethnicity, networks and informality. | The value added of this brief introductory treatise is that I first introduce the papers written for the chapter, and secondly I present the essence of a case study to demonstrate simultaneous and mutually reinforcing impacts of ethnicity, networks and informality. | ||
Various forms of the combined impact of ethnicity and networks on informality is well-illustrated in the first two volumes of this series such as the traditional ([[ | Various forms of the combined impact of ethnicity and networks on informality is well-illustrated in the first two volumes of this series such as the traditional (''[[adat]]'', Chechnya or ''[[uruuchuluk]]'', Kygyzstan) versus the modern (''[[joro]]'', Kyrgyzstan, ''[[taksovanie]]'', Uzbekistan, ''[[a molestar a otro lado]]'', Guatemala or ''[[KhTsB]]'', Armenia), the illegal (''[[blood revenge]]'', Caucasus, ''[[mzungu price]]'', East and Sub-Saharan Africa or ''[[tenderpreneur]]'', South-Afrika) versus the a-legal (''[[ta’arof]]'', Iran, ''[[partiti]]'', Corsica, ''[[sadaqa]]'' in several regions of Central Asia, ''[[ahbap-çavuş]]'', Turkey or ''[[wantok and kastom]]'', Melanesia). | ||
There are case studies which lucidly illustrate the intertwined and mutually reinforcing role of ethnicity, informality and informality in the context of migration/mobility as well. For example, ''hemșehricilik'' in Turkey means that rural migrants in cities and/or migrants all over the Turkish Diaspora offer favors to those ‘near and dear’. This activity contributes to retaining and even strengthening ethnic identity but also offers informal advantages for those who belong into these circles such as getting job and/or higher income, jump a queue, etc. ''[[Ściągnąć]]'' in Poland is the equivalent of chain migration (literally meaning ‘pull down/off from’, e.g. an apple from a tree or pulling in a fish on a line. The ethnic networks which are embedded into this activity is also the fertile soil of various forms (and not necessarily tensionless) informal activity. | There are case studies which lucidly illustrate the intertwined and mutually reinforcing role of ethnicity, informality and informality in the context of migration/mobility as well. For example, ''[[hemșehricilik]]'' in Turkey means that rural migrants in cities and/or migrants all over the Turkish Diaspora offer favors to those ‘near and dear’. This activity contributes to retaining and even strengthening ethnic identity but also offers informal advantages for those who belong into these circles such as getting job and/or higher income, jump a queue, etc. ''[[Ściągnąć]]'' in Poland is the equivalent of chain migration (literally meaning ‘pull down/off from’, e.g. an apple from a tree or pulling in a fish on a line. The ethnic networks which are embedded into this activity is also the fertile soil of various forms (and not necessarily tensionless) informal activity. | ||
Instead of a summary, I present the main findings of a case study which not only illustrates the complex and strong relations among informality, ethnicity and networks but analyze them in a context which often plays important role in informal activities: the border. | Instead of a summary, I present the [[Main Findings|main findings]] of a case study which not only illustrates the complex and strong relations among informality, ethnicity and networks but analyze them in a context which often plays important role in informal activities: the border. | ||
According to the classic Simmelian concept, the border may act as a bridge, a window and/or a door (van Houtom and Strüver, 2002). The strength of control of various commercial activities and the selection criteria for travelers and traders define whether the border acts as a bridge or as a door, and whether there are any ethnicity and/or network based informal effects which oil the hinges of this door. The selection processes are often tailored to the needs of the actors involved: just as the border control officers need to show their effectiveness to the government, the petty traders and cross-border [[smuggling]] businesses deliver to their own clients, thus amounting to practical norms rangings from bribery to nepotism (de Sardan, 2002). | According to the classic Simmelian concept, the border may act as a bridge, a window and/or a door (van Houtom and Strüver, 2002). The strength of control of various commercial activities and the selection criteria for travelers and traders define whether the border acts as a bridge or as a door, and whether there are any ethnicity and/or network based informal effects which oil the hinges of this door. The selection processes are often tailored to the needs of the actors involved: just as the border control officers need to show their effectiveness to the government, the petty traders and cross-border [[smuggling]] businesses deliver to their own clients, thus amounting to practical norms rangings from bribery to nepotism (de Sardan, 2002). | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso books. | Anderson, B. (2006). ''Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism''. Verso books. | ||
Czakó Ágnes – Endre Sik (1999) Characteristics and Origins of the Comecon Open-air Market | Czakó Ágnes – Endre Sik (1999). "Characteristics and Origins of the Comecon Open-air Market." ''Hungary International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'', December, Vol- 23.. No- 4., pp. 715-737. | ||
Egbert, Henrik (2006). Cross‐border small‐scale trading in south‐eastern Europe: Do embeddedness and social capital explain enough?. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(2), 346-361. | Egbert, Henrik (2006). "Cross‐border small‐scale trading in south‐eastern Europe: Do embeddedness and social capital explain enough?." ''International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'', 30(2), 346-361. | ||
Harpaz, Yossi (2016) Compensatory citizenship. PhD dissertation, Princeton University, Manuscript | Harpaz, Yossi (2016). ''Compensatory citizenship''. PhD dissertation, Princeton University, Manuscript. | ||
Hozic, Aida. A. (2004). Between the cracks: Balkan cigarette smuggling. Problems of Post-Communism, 51(3), 35-44. | Hozic, Aida. A. (2004). "Between the cracks: Balkan cigarette smuggling". ''Problems of Post-Communism'', 51(3), 35-44. | ||
Light, Ivan (1977). The ethnic vice industry, 1880-1944. American Sociological Review, 464-479. | Light, Ivan (1977). "The ethnic vice industry, 1880-1944." ''American Sociological Review'', 464-479. | ||
Polese, Abel (2006) Border-crossing as a strategy of daily survival: the Odessa-Chisinau Elektrichka. Anthropology of East Europe Review, 24 (1): 28–37. http://scholarworks.dlib.indiana.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/viewFile/279/355 | Polese, Abel (2006). "Border-crossing as a strategy of daily survival: the Odessa-Chisinau Elektrichka". ''Anthropology of East Europe Review'', 24 (1): 28–37. http://scholarworks.dlib.indiana.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/viewFile/279/355 | ||
Sik, Endre and Barry Wellman (1999) Network Capital in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Countries. Networks in the Global Village, Wellman, Barry (ed.), Westview Press, Boulder. pp. 225-254. | Sik, Endre and Barry Wellman (1999). ''Network Capital in Capitalist, Communist and Post-Communist Countries. Networks in the Global Village'', Wellman, Barry (ed.), Westview Press, Boulder. pp. 225-254. | ||
Sik Endre (2010) Network dependent path dependency Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Vol 1, No 1. pp. 77 – 102. | Sik Endre (2010). "Network dependent path dependency." ''Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy'', Vol 1, No 1. pp. 77 – 102. | ||
http://cjssp.uni-corvinus.hu/index.php/cjssp/article/view/3/5 | http://cjssp.uni-corvinus.hu/index.php/cjssp/article/view/3/5 | ||
Sik Endre (2012) Trust, Network Capital, and informality – Cross-Border Entrepreneurship in the First Two Decades of Post-Communism Review of Sociology No. 4 pp. 53-72 | Sik Endre (2012). "Trust, Network Capital, and informality – Cross-Border Entrepreneurship in the First Two Decades of Post-Communism." ''Review of Sociology'', No. 4 pp. 53-72. | ||
http://www.academia.edu/2913657/Endre_Sik_Trust_Network_Capital_and_Informality_-_Cross-Border_Entrepreneurship_in_the_First_Two_Decades_of_Post-Communism | http://www.academia.edu/2913657/Endre_Sik_Trust_Network_Capital_and_Informality_-_Cross-Border_Entrepreneurship_in_the_First_Two_Decades_of_Post-Communism | ||
Sik, Endre and Claire Wallace (1999) The Development of Open-air Markets in East-Central Europe. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, December, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 697-714. | Sik, Endre and Claire Wallace (1999). "The Development of Open-air Markets in East-Central Europe." ''International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'', December, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 697-714. | ||
Sik, Endre and Judit Tóth (2003) Joining an EU identity: integration of Hungary and the Hungarians. In | Sik, Endre and Judit Tóth (2003). "Joining an EU identity: integration of Hungary and the Hungarians." In ''Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration'', eds.: Willfried Spohn, Anna Triandafyllidou, Routledge, London, pp. 223-244. http://europeanization.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/europeanization-national-identities-and-migration.pdf | ||
Sik, Endre and Ráchel Surányi (eds.) (2014) The Hungarian/Slovak/Ukrainian tri-border region TÁRKI, Budapest. http://issuu.com/eltetatk/docs/tri-border_hungary/1?e=12707147/11841125 | Sik, Endre and Ráchel Surányi (eds.) (2014). ''The Hungarian/Slovak/Ukrainian tri-border region TÁRKI'', Budapest. http://issuu.com/eltetatk/docs/tri-border_hungary/1?e=12707147/11841125 | ||
Sik Endre and Blanka Szeitl (2015) Quasi-diaspora and Cross-border Diaspora in the Hungarian-Slovak-Ukrainian Triborder Region Szociológiai Szemle 25(4) http://www.szociologia.hu/dynamic/107_125_oldal.pdf | Sik Endre and Blanka Szeitl (2015). "Quasi-diaspora and Cross-border Diaspora in the Hungarian-Slovak-Ukrainian Triborder Region." ''Szociológiai Szemle'' 25(4) http://www.szociologia.hu/dynamic/107_125_oldal.pdf | ||
van Houtum, Henk and Anke Strüver (2002) Borders, Strangers, Doors and Bridges. Space and Polity 6 (2): 141–146. http://ncbr.ruhosting.nl/html/files/SpaceandPolity2002.pdf | van Houtum, Henk and Anke Strüver (2002). "Borders, Strangers, Doors and Bridges." ''Space and Polity'', 6 (2): 141–146. http://ncbr.ruhosting.nl/html/files/SpaceandPolity2002.pdf | ||
Wiegand, Bruce (1994). Black money in Belize: The ethnicity and social structure of black-market crime. Social Forces, 73(1), 135-154. | Wiegand, Bruce (1994). "Black money in Belize: The ethnicity and social structure of black-market crime." ''Social Forces'', 73(1), 135-154. | ||
Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick-Schiller (2002) Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-state Building, Migration and the Social Sciences. Global Networks, 2 (4): 301–334 | Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick-Schiller (2002). "Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-state Building, Migration and the Social Sciences." ''Global Networks'', 2 (4): 301–334 | ||