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Difference between revisions of "Enchufismo (Spain)"
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| location = Spain | | location = Spain | ||
| imagemap = Spain map.png | | imagemap = Spain map.png | ||
| clusters = [[:Category: Solidarity|Solidarity]] – [[:Category: | | clusters = [[:Category: Solidarity|Solidarity]] – [[:Category: Economies of favours| Economies of favours]] – [[:Category: Amoral familism| Amoral familism]] – [[:Category: Community lock-in| Community lock-in]] | ||
| categories = [[:Category: Spain|Spain]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Nepotism| Nepotism]] – [[:Category: Favour| Favour]] – [[:Category: Influence| Influence]] – [[:Category: Mutual help| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Instrumentality of sociability | Instrumentality of sociability ]] | | categories = [[:Category: Spain|Spain]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Nepotism| Nepotism]] – [[:Category: Favour| Favour]] – [[:Category: Influence| Influence]] – [[:Category: Mutual help| Mutual help]] – [[:Category: Instrumentality of sociability | Instrumentality of sociability ]] | ||
| authorofpiece = Ignacio Fradejas Garcia | | authorofpiece = Ignacio Fradejas Garcia | ||
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<big>'''By Ignacio Fradejas Garcia, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland'''</big> | <big>'''By Ignacio Fradejas Garcia, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland'''</big> | ||
[[Category: Solidarity]] | [[Category: Solidarity]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category: Economies of favours]] | ||
[[Category: Amoral familism]] | [[Category: Amoral familism]] | ||
[[Category: Community lock-in]] | [[Category: Community lock-in]] | ||
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[[File:Enchufe.jpg|thumb|x300px|left|Although Pepe was very confident in his abilities, that job interview did not give him a good feeling… Next, please? Source: Pepe Mansilla © http://pepemansilla.es/]] | [[File:Enchufe.jpg|thumb|x300px|left|Although Pepe was very confident in his abilities, that job interview did not give him a good feeling… Next, please? Source: Pepe Mansilla © http://pepemansilla.es/]] | ||
The term ''enchufismo'' has an advantage of a powerful metaphor while being semantically close to other pejorative terms such as nepotism, favoritism and ''amiguismo'' (Muñoz 2011). There are many metaphorical terms in Latin America with similar meaning. To have [[palanca]], or lever, in Cuba, El Salvador or Dominican Republic refers to the ability or influence to obtain something (RAE 2020c). To have ''muñeca'', or wrist, implies support by an influential person in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru or Uruguay (RAE 2020b). ''Enchufismo'' is also similar to cronyism and nepotist practices, such as the Chilean [[pituto]], the Italian [[raccomandazione]], | The term ''enchufismo'' has an advantage of a powerful metaphor while being semantically close to other pejorative terms such as nepotism, favoritism and ''amiguismo'' (Muñoz 2011). There are many metaphorical terms in Latin America with similar meaning. To have [[palanca]], or lever, in Cuba, El Salvador or Dominican Republic refers to the ability or influence to obtain something (RAE 2020c). To have ''muñeca'', or wrist, implies support by an influential person in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru or Uruguay (RAE 2020b). ''Enchufismo'' is also similar to cronyism and nepotist practices, such as the Chilean [[pituto]], the Italian [[raccomandazione]], 'pulling the strings' in Anglo-Saxon settings, or ''avea o pilă'' practices in Romania (Fradejas-García, Molina, and Lubbers 2022). The term is perhaps more general as it combines both family and friendship, as well as embraces both personal and professional contexts. A recent survey on business perceptions shows that the practices of favouring friends and/or family members in public institutions in Spain is the second highest in the EU (54%) only behind Portugal (59%) and significantly different from the EU average (42%) (Eurobarometer 2019). | ||
The origin of the term ''enchufe'' is hard to establish but there are references in the newspapers archives in the 1910s (e.g., La Vanguardia 1915). It was already used during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923-1930, who fostered the practice in order to establish good working positions with people who had kin relationships with the regime elites (García 1980). Then, the term became popular during the Second Spanish Republic in 1931-1939, when the opponents of the Republic initiated a “''enchufes'' campaign” to discredit the government. They used the term ''enchufismo'' to characterize the case of the deputies who took advantage of their political influence to obtain prestigious positions and resources (Garcia, 1980: 52-57). Anthropologists working in Spain have directly linked ''enchufismo'' practices with politics, where nepotism, patronage systems and other forms of political corruption abound. During the Franco’s dictatorship in 1939-1975, such practices became crucial for circumventing the all kind of bureaucratic obstacles to get things done (Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984; Kenny 1960; Pitt Rivers 1954). Local practices of ''enchufismo'' embrace both clientelist behaviour at the grassroots level (Campbell 2021) and patronal influence in local administrations for granting jobs and resources to friends, families and political allies. | The origin of the term ''enchufe'' is hard to establish but there are references in the newspapers archives in the 1910s (e.g., La Vanguardia 1915). It was already used during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923-1930, who fostered the practice in order to establish good working positions with people who had kin relationships with the regime elites (García 1980). Then, the term became popular during the Second Spanish Republic in 1931-1939, when the opponents of the Republic initiated a “''enchufes'' campaign” to discredit the government. They used the term ''enchufismo'' to characterize the case of the deputies who took advantage of their political influence to obtain prestigious positions and resources (Garcia, 1980: 52-57). Anthropologists working in Spain have directly linked ''enchufismo'' practices with politics, where nepotism, patronage systems and other forms of political corruption abound. During the Franco’s dictatorship in 1939-1975, such practices became crucial for circumventing the all kind of bureaucratic obstacles to get things done (Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984; Kenny 1960; Pitt Rivers 1954). Local practices of ''enchufismo'' embrace both clientelist behaviour at the grassroots level (Campbell 2021) and patronal influence in local administrations for granting jobs and resources to friends, families and political allies. | ||