Difference between revisions of "Table of Contents"

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==Volume 3==
==Volume 3==
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=35 The Raison d’Être of Informality Studies: An Introduction] by Alena Ledeneva


===Part 1: Being born===
===Part 1: Being born===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=61 Introduction: Reproduction and Emotional Ambivalence] by Michele Rivkin-Fish


:8.16 [[Mei Bao Ma (China)|Mei bao ma]] (China) by Hui Guo  
:8.16 [[Mei Bao Ma (China)|Mei bao ma]] (China) by Hui Guo  
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:8.25 [[Babushki (Russia)|Babushki]] (Russia) by Anna Shadrina
:8.25 [[Babushki (Russia)|Babushki]] (Russia) by Anna Shadrina
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=59 Bibliography to Chapter 1]


===Part 2: Growing up===
===Part 2: Growing up===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=101 Introduction: A Psychological Perspective on Socialisation] by Thomas Tsichtis


:8.26 [[Rallye mondain (France)|Rallye Mondain]] (France) by Alexandre Lieure
:8.26 [[Rallye mondain (France)|Rallye Mondain]] (France) by Alexandre Lieure
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:8.35 [[The New Normal (Global)|The New Normal]] (Global) by Dmitry Kurnosov and Anna Varfolomeeva
:8.35 [[The New Normal (Global)|The New Normal]] (Global) by Dmitry Kurnosov and Anna Varfolomeeva
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=131 Bibliography to Chapter 2]


===Part 3: Adjusting to the digital age===
===Part 3: Adjusting to the digital age===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=139 Introduction: Digitally Mediated (Mis)Trust] by James Maguire and Kristoffer Albris


:8.36 [[Shuahaoping (China)|Shuahaoping]] (China) by Xiangyi Liao   
:8.36 [[Shuahaoping (China)|Shuahaoping]] (China) by Xiangyi Liao   
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:8.43 [[Telefon gap zadan (Tajikistan)|Telefon gap zadan]] (Tajikistan) by Swetlana Torno   
:8.43 [[Telefon gap zadan (Tajikistan)|Telefon gap zadan]] (Tajikistan) by Swetlana Torno   
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=139 Bibliography to Chapter 3]


===Part 4: Getting married===
===Part 4: Getting married===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=173 Introduction: Marriage and Informality] by Péter Berta


:8.44 [[Caili (China)|Caili]] (China) by Ling Zhang  
:8.44 [[Caili (China)|Caili]] (China) by Ling Zhang  
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:8.47 [[Nikoh (Tajikistan)|Nikoh]] (Tajikistan) by Madina Gazieva  
:8.47 [[Nikoh (Tajikistan)|Nikoh]] (Tajikistan) by Madina Gazieva  


:8.48 [[Sdelat' ZAGS (Russia)(Tajik diaspora in Russia)(Tajik diaspora in Russia)|Sdelat’ ZAGS ]] (Tajik diaspora in Russia) by Elena Borisova  
:8.48 [[Sdelat' ZAGS (Russia)|Sdelat’ ZAGS ]] (Russia) by Elena Borisova  


:8.49 [[Bridezilla (UK, North America, Australia)|Bridezilla ]] (UK, North America, Australia) by Julia Carter  
:8.49 [[Bridezilla (UK, North America and Australia)|Bridezilla]] (UK, North America and Australia) by Julia Carter  


:8.50 [[Karmir khndzor (Armenia)|Karmir khndzor]] (Armenia) by Anna Temkina and Lilit Zakaryan :4.8 [[Kelin (Central Asia)|Kelin]] (Central Asia) by Tommaso Aguzzi  
:8.50 [[Karmir khndzor (Armenia)|Karmir khndzor]] (Armenia) by Anna Temkina and Lilit Zakaryan :4.8 [[Kelin (Central Asia)|Kelin]] (Central Asia) by Tommaso Aguzzi  
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:8.53 [[Burrnesha (Albania)|Burrnesha]] (Albania) by Ellen Robertson
:8.53 [[Burrnesha (Albania)|Burrnesha]] (Albania) by Ellen Robertson
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=209 Bibliography to Chapter 4]


===Part 5: Belonging and social exclusion===
===Part 5: Belonging and social exclusion===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=217 Introduction: Gender, Social Exclusion and the Dark Side of Informal Networks] by Sven Horak and Fadi Alsarhan


:8.54 [[KhTsB (Armenia)|KhTsB]] (Armenia) by Armine Petrosyan   
:8.54 [[KhTsB (Armenia)|KhTsB]] (Armenia) by Armine Petrosyan   
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:8.64 [[A molestar a otro lado (Guatemala)|A molestar a otro lado]] (Guatemala) by Jose Godinez and Denise Dunlap   
:8.64 [[A molestar a otro lado (Guatemala)|A molestar a otro lado]] (Guatemala) by Jose Godinez and Denise Dunlap   
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=257 Bibliography to Chapter 5]


===Part 6: Alternative currencies of support===
===Part 6: Alternative currencies of support===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=265 Introduction: Sharing Norms] by Elodie Douarin


:8.54 [[Znaki Vnimaniya (Russia and FSU)|Znaki Vnimaniya]] (Russia and FSU) by Conor Murray  
:8.54 [[Znaki Vnimaniya (Russia and FSU)|Znaki Vnimaniya]] (Russia and FSU) by Conor Murray  
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:8.65 [[Poclon (Wallachia, Romania)|Poclon]] (Wallachia, Romania) by Vasile Mihai Olaru
:8.65 [[Poclon (Wallachia, Romania)|Poclon]] (Wallachia, Romania) by Vasile Mihai Olaru
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=302 Bibliography to Chapter 6]


===Part 7: Gaining an advantage===
===Part 7: Gaining an advantage===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=309 Introduction: Trickster] by Mark Lipovetsky


:8.66 [[Chanchullo (Central America)|Chanchullo]] (Central America) by Denise Dunlap and Jose Godinez   
:8.66 [[Chanchullo (Central America)|Chanchullo]] (Central America) by Denise Dunlap and Jose Godinez   
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:8.74 [[Otkat vizy (Russia)|Otkat vizy]] (Russia) by Olga Tkach   
:8.74 [[Otkat vizy (Russia)|Otkat vizy]] (Russia) by Olga Tkach   
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=339 Bibliography to Chapter 7]


===Part 8: Informal income===
===Part 8: Informal income===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=345 Introduction: Informal Economy by Colin C. Williams]


:8.75 [[Svart Arbete (Sweden)|Svart Arbete]] (Sweden) by Lotta Björklund Larsen   
:8.75 [[Svart Arbete (Sweden)|Svart Arbete]] (Sweden) by Lotta Björklund Larsen   
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:8.85 [[Andare in giro (Italy)|Andare in giro]] (Italy) by Isabella Clough Marinaro
:8.85 [[Andare in giro (Italy)|Andare in giro]] (Italy) by Isabella Clough Marinaro
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=382 Bibliography to Chapter 8]


===Part 9: Becoming an entrepreneur===
===Part 9: Becoming an entrepreneur===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=389 Introduction: Entrepreneurship by Abel Polese]


:8.86 [[Combina (Israel)|Combina]] (Israel) by Ina Kubbe   
:8.86 [[Combina (Israel)|Combina]] (Israel) by Ina Kubbe   
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:8.94 [[Bin Diwar, Fazaee (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)|Bin Diwar, Fazaee]] (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)by Hemn Namiq Jameel
:8.94 [[Bin Diwar, Fazaee (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)|Bin Diwar, Fazaee]] (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)by Hemn Namiq Jameel
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=419 Bibliography to Chapter 9]


===Part 10: Living on the edge===
===Part 10: Living on the edge===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=427 Introduction: Triangulating Ethnicity, Networks and Migration by Endre Sik]


:8.95 [[Vorovskie pasporta (Russia)|Vorovskie pasporta]] (Russia) by Andrey V. Gornostaev   
:8.95 [[Vorovskie pasporta (Russia)|Vorovskie pasporta]] (Russia) by Andrey V. Gornostaev   
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:9.04 [[No. 8 wire (New Zealand)|No. 8 wire]] (New Zealand) by Grace Reynolds   
:9.04 [[No. 8 wire (New Zealand)|No. 8 wire]] (New Zealand) by Grace Reynolds   
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=460 Bibliography to Chapter 10]


===Part 11: Settling in===
===Part 11: Settling in===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=467 Introduction: Informal Housing and Beyond by Anthony Boanada-Fuchs and Vanessa Boanada-Fuchs]


:9.05 [[Colonias (USA)|Colonias]] (USA) by Michael J. Pisani   
:9.05 [[Colonias (USA)|Colonias]] (USA) by Michael J. Pisani   
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:9.13 [[Gated communities, or informality of the rich (Global)|Gated communities, or informality of the rich]] (Global) by Udo Grashoff
:9.13 [[Gated communities, or informality of the rich (Global)|Gated communities, or informality of the rich]] (Global) by Udo Grashoff
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=504 Bibliography to Chapter 11]


===Part 12: Engaging Politically===
===Part 12: Engaging Politically===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=511 Introduction: Political Participation by Uta Staiger]


:9.14 [[Voto di scambio (Italy)|Voto di scambio]] (Italy) by Alberica Camerani   
:9.14 [[Voto di scambio (Italy)|Voto di scambio]] (Italy) by Alberica Camerani   
Line 774: Line 822:


:9.22 [[Ne Talasaj (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro)|Ne Talasaj]] (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro) by Emina Ribo
:9.22 [[Ne Talasaj (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro)|Ne Talasaj]] (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro) by Emina Ribo
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=542 Bibliography to Chapter 12]


===Part 13: Ageing power===
===Part 13: Ageing power===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=551 Introduction: Demystifying Ageing and Power by Gemma Carney and Mia Gray]


:9.23 [[OBON (Kyrgyzstan)|OBON]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Elmira Satybaldieva   
:9.23 [[OBON (Kyrgyzstan)|OBON]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Elmira Satybaldieva   
Line 798: Line 850:


:9.33 [[Okkul’t (Russia)|Okkul’t]] (Russia) by Valeriy Solovey
:9.33 [[Okkul’t (Russia)|Okkul’t]] (Russia) by Valeriy Solovey
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=586 Bibliography to Chapter 13]


===Part 14: Informal care and the end===
===Part 14: Informal care and the end===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=593 Introduction: Elderly Care and Ambivalence by Elena Zdravomyslova]


:9.34 [[Baksy (Kazakhstan)|Baksy]] (Kazakhstan) by Lyazzat Utesheva   
:9.34 [[Baksy (Kazakhstan)|Baksy]] (Kazakhstan) by Lyazzat Utesheva   
Line 811: Line 867:
:9.38 [[Marmotagem (Brazil)|Marmotagem]] (Brazil) by Giovanna Capponi   
:9.38 [[Marmotagem (Brazil)|Marmotagem]] (Brazil) by Giovanna Capponi   


:9.39 [[ThetaHealing (USA, Russia)|ThetaHealing]] (USA, Russia) by Tatiana Loboda   
:9.39 [[ThetaHealing (Russia)|ThetaHealing]] (Russia) by Tatiana Loboda   


:9.40 [[Indulgence (Global)|Indulgence]] (Global) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Sibylle Krause   
:9.40 [[Indulgence (Global)|Indulgence]] (Global) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Sibylle Krause   
Line 820: Line 876:


:9.43 [[Mingbi (China)|Mingbi]] (China) by Yizhou Xu
:9.43 [[Mingbi (China)|Mingbi]] (China) by Yizhou Xu
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=628 Bibliography to Chapter 14]
===Concluding remarks to Volume 3: [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=601 The Big Three and Informality] by Jan Nederveen Pieterse===
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=641 Glossary]
[https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10187134/1/The-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-3.pdf#page=649 Index]

Latest revision as of 16:11, 2 March 2025

Entries flow in the bottom-up logic in the chapters, thereby tracing the blurred boundaries and grey zones:

  • from more socially acceptable practices to more questionable;
  • from practices driven by survival to practices driven by self- expression;
  • from daily or regular to once- in- a- lifetime needs and the needs of others (brokerage);
  • from more visible practices to less visible (or deliberately made visible or invisible);
  • from more traditional/ universal to more modern/ temporal practices, responding to a particular constraint and disappearing when that constraint is gone.

Each cluster of entries is introduced and concluded by a piece with comparative or conceptual entries, indicated as ‘general’. For example, Chapter 6 on gaming the system benefits from an introduction to the strategies of camouflage (by Philip Hanson); general entries identifying patterns common for the cluster such as cash-in-hand (by Colin Williams), brokerage (by David Jancsics), window dressing (by David Leung), and pyramid schemes (by Leonie Schiffauer); as well as a conclusion with methodological implications for the study of part- time crime and ‘camouflaged’ activities (by Gerald Mars). The authors of conceptual or reflective pieces offer possible perspectives, thematic links and further research questions in order to help the reader with the uneasy tasks of comparing the incomparable and theorising the practice. Such entries themselves constitute a ‘network expertise’ – a coordinated conceptual framework – aimed at tackling complexity through mastering paradoxes; articulating the unspoken and visualising the invisible; finding patterns in the amorphous and formalising the informal; finding similarities in differences and differences in similarities; comparing the incomparable and doing the undoable. Please note, we do not claim the absolute ubiquity of practices in respective societies. Following Olivier de Sardan’s take on culture, we understand social and cultural complexity as ‘a set of practices and representations that investigation has shown to be shared to a significant degree by a given group (or sub-group), in given fields and in given contexts’ (Olivier de Sardan 2015).

Introduction

Introduction: the informal view of the world – key challenges and main findings of the Global Informality Project by Alena Ledeneva

Volume 1

Part 1: Redistribution — The substantive ambivalence: relationships vs use of relationships

Preface by Alena Ledeneva

1 Neither gift nor commodity: the instrumentality of sociability

Introduction: economies of favours by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig

1.1 Blat (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva
1.2 Jeitinho (Brazil) by Fernanda de Paiva
1.3 Sociolismo (Cuba) by Matthew Cherneski
1.4 Compadrazgo (Chile) by Larissa Adler Lomnitz
1.5 Pituto (Chile) by Dana Brablec Sklenar
1.6 Štela (Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Čarna Brković and Karla Koutkova
1.7 Veza (Serbia) by Dragan Stanojevic and Dragana Stokanic
1.8 Vrski (Macedonia) by Justin Otten
1.9 Vruzki (Bulgaria) by Tanya Chavdarova
1.10 Natsnoboba (Georgia) by Huseyn Aliyev
1.11 Tanish-bilish (Uzbekistan) by Rano Turaeva
1.12 Guanxi (China) by Mayfair Yang
1.13 Inmaek/Yonjul (South Korea) by Sven Horak
1.14 Tapş (Azerbaijan) by Leyla Sayfutdinova
1.15 Agashka (Kazakhstan) by Natsuko Oka
1.16 Zalatwianie (Poland) by Paulina Pieprzyca
1.17 Vitamin B (Germany) by Ina Kubbe
1.18 Jinmyaku (Japan) by Sven Horak
1.19 Jaan-pehchaan (India) by Denise Dunlap
1.20 Aidagara (Japan) by Yoshimichi Sato
1.21 Amici, amigos (Mediterranean and Latin America) by Christian Giordano

Conclusion: managing favours in a global economy by Sheila M. Puffer and Daniel J. McCarthy

Bibliography to Chapter 1

2 Neither gift nor payment: the sociability of instrumentality

Introduction: vernaculars of informality by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig

2.1 Okurimono no shûkan (Japan) by Katherine Rupp
2.2 Songli (China) by Liang Han
2.3 Hongbao (China) by Lei Tan
2.4 L’argent du carburant (sub-Saharan Africa) by Thomas Cantens
2.5 Paid favours (UK) by Colin C. Williams
2.6 Egunje (Nigeria) by Dhikru Adewale Yagboyaju
2.7 Baksheesh (Middle East, North Africa and sub-continental Asia) by James McLeod-Hatch
2.8 Magharich’ (Armenia) by Meri Avetisyan
2.9 Kalym (Russia) by Jeremy Morris
2.10 Mita (Romanian Gabor Roma) by Péter Berta
2.11 Pozornost’/d’akovné/všimné (Slovakia) by Andrej Školkay
2.12 Biombo (Costa Rica) by Bruce M. Wilson and Evelyn Villarreal Fernández
2.13 Mordida (Mexico) by Claudia Baez-Camargo
2.14 Coima (Argentina) by Cosimo Stahl
2.15 Chorizo (Latin America) by Evelyn Villarreal Fernández and Bruce M. Wilson
2.16 Aploksne/aploksnīte (Latvia) by Iveta Kažoka and Valts Kalnins
2.17 Fakelaki (Greece) by Daniel M. Knight
2.18 Cash for access (UK) by Jonathan Webb
2.19 Korapsen (Papua New Guinea) by Grant W. Walton
2.20 Bustarella (Italy) by Simona Guerra
2.21 Dash (Nigeria and other West African countries) by Daniel Jordan Smith

Conclusion: ‘interested’ vs ‘disinterested’ giving: defining extortion, reciprocity and pure gifts in the connected worlds by Florence Weber

Bibliography to Chapter 2

Part 2: Solidarity — The normative ambivalence of double standards: ‘us’ vs ‘them’

Preface by Alena Ledeneva

3 Conformity: the lock-in effect of social ties

Introduction: group identity and the ambivalence of norms by Eric Gordy

Kinship lock-in

3.1 Adat (Chechnya) by Nicolè M. Ford
3.2 Ch'ir (Chechnya and Ingushetia) by Emil Aslan Souleimanov
3.3 Uruuchuluk (Kyrgyzstan) by Aksana Ismailbekova
3.4 Rushyldyq (Kazakhstan) by Dana Minbaeva and Maral Muratbekova-Touron
3.5 Yongo (South Korea) by Sven Horak
3.6 Kumstvo (Montenegro and the Balkans) by Klavs Sedlenieks
3.7 Azganvan popokhutyun (Armenian diaspora in Georgia) by Anri Grigorian
3.8 Wantoks and kastom (Solomon Islands, Melanesia) by Gordon Leua Nanau
3.9 Bapakism (Indonesia) by Dodi W. Irawanto

Closed community lock-in

3.10 Krugovaia poruka (Russia and Europe) by Geoffrey Hosking
3.11 Janteloven/Jantelagen (Scandinavia) by Morten Jakobsen
3.12 Hyvä Veli (Finland) by Besnik Shala
3.13 Old boy network (UK) by Philip Kirby
3.14 Klüngel (Germany) by Lea Gernemann
3.15 Vetterliwirtschaft/Copinage (Switzerland) by Lucy Koechlin
3.16 Tal (alt. taljenje, taliti, utaliti, rastaliti) (Serbia and countries of former Yugoslavia) by Danko Runić
3.17 Mateship (Australia) by Bob Pease

Semi-closed lock-in

3.18 Sitwa (Poland) by Piotr Koryś and Maciej Tymiński
3.19 Barone universitario (Italy) by Simona Guerra
3.20 Keiretsu (Japan) by Katsuki Aoki
3.21 Kanonieri qurdebi (Georgia) by Alexander Kupatadze
3.22 Silovye Gruppirovki (Bulgaria) by Igor Mitchnik
3.23 Omertà (Italy) by Anna Sergi
3.24 Nash chelovek (Russia) by Åse Berit Grødeland and Leslie Holmes

Modern and youth solidarities

3.25 Birzha (Georgia) by Costanza Curro
3.26 Dizelaši (Serbia) by Elena G. Stadnichenko
3.27 Normalnye patsany (Russia) by Svetlana Stephenson
3.28 Futbolna frakcia (Bulgaria) by Kremena Iordanova

Conclusion: organic solidarity and informality – two irreconcilable concepts? by Christian Giordano

Bibliography to Chapter 3

4 The unlocking power of non-conformity: cultural resistance vs political opposition

Introduction: the grey zones between cultural and political by Peter Zusi

4.1 Artistic repossession (general) by Christina Ezrahi
4.2 Magnetizdat (Russia) by James Taylor
4.3 Roentgenizdat (Russia) by James Taylor
4.4 Samizdat (USSR) by Jillian Forsyth
4.5 Materit’sya (Russia) by Anastasia Shekshnya
4.6 Padonki language (Russia) by Larisa Morkoborodova
4.7 Verlan (France) by Rebecca Stewart
4.8 Avos’ (Russia) by Caroline Humphrey
4.9 Graffiti (general) by Milena Ciric
4.10 Hacktivism (general) by Alex Gekker

Conclusion: ambiguities of accommodation, resistance and rebellion by Jan Kubik

Bibliography to Chapter 4

Concluding remarks to Volume 1: What is old and what is new in the dialectics of ‘us’ and ‘them’? by Zygmunt Bauman

Glossary

Index

Volume 2

Part 3: Market — The functional ambivalence of informal strategies: supportive or subversive?

Preface by Alena Ledeneva

5 The system made me do it: strategies of survival

Introduction: the puzzles of informal economy by Colin Marx

Informal dwelling

5.1 Squatting by Jovana Dikovic
5.2 Schwarzwohnen (GDR) by Udo Grashoff
5.3 Kraken (The Netherlands) by Hans Pruijt
5.4 Allegados (Chile) by Ignacia Ossul
5.5 Favela (Brazil) by Marta-Laura Suska
5.6 Campamento (Chile) by Armando Caroca Fernandez
5.7 Mukhayyam (occupied Palestinian territories and neighbouring Arab countries) by Lorenzo Navone and Federico Rahola
5.8 Dacha (Russia) by Stephen Lovell

Informal welfare

5.9 Pabirčiti (or pabirčenje) (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Jovana Dikovic
5.10 Skipping (general) by Giovanna Capponi
5.11 Caffè sospeso (Italy) by Paolo Mancini
5.12 Gap (Uzbekistan) by Timur Alexandrov
5.13 Pomochi (Russia) by Irina V. Davydova
5.14 Nachbarschaftshilfe (Germany and German-speaking countries) by Roland Arbesleitner
5.15 Sosyudad (Philippines) by Ramon Felipe A. Sarmiento
5.16 Vay mượn (Vietnam) by Abel Polese
5.17 Loteria / Lloteria (Albania) by Drini Imami, Abel Polese and Klodjan Rama
5.18 Esusu (Nigeria) by Evans Osabuohien and Oluyomi Ola-David
5.19 Mahalla (Uzbekistan) by Rustamjon Urinboyev
5.20 Tandas and cundinas (Mexico and south-western USA) by Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez
5.21 Salam credit (Afghanistan) by James McLeod-Hatch
5.22 Obshchak (Russia) by Gavin Slade

Informal entrepreneurship

5.23 Zarobitchanstvo (Ukraine) by Alissa Tolstokorova
5.24 Rad na crno (Serbia) by Kosovka Ognjenović
5.25 Small-scale smuggling (general) by Bettina Bruns
5.26 Chelnoki (Russia and FSU) by Anna Cieślewska
5.27 Spaza shops (South Africa) by Vanya Gastrow
5.28 Shebeens (South Africa) by Nicolette Peters
5.29 Samogonovarenie (Russia) by Mark Lawrence Schrad
5.30 Buôn có bạn, bán có phường (Vietnam) by Abel Polese
5.31 Chợ cóc (Socialist Republic of Vietnam) by Gertrud Hüwelmeier
5.32 Rod-re (Thailand) by Kisnaphol Wattanawanyoo
5.33 Boda-boda taxis (Uganda) by Tom Goodfellow
5.34 Stoyanshiki (Georgia) by Lela Rekhviashvili
5.35 Baraholka (Kazakhstan) by Dena Sholk
5.36 Budženje (Serbia) by Marko Zivković
5.37 Jugaad (India) by Shahana Chattaraj
5.38 Jangmadang (North Korea) by Sokeel Park and James Pearson
5.39 Informal mining (general) by Alvin A. Camba
5.40 Hawala (Middle East, India and Pakistan) by Nauman Farooqi
5.41 Bitcoin (general) by Jean-Philippe Vergne and Gautam Swain 1

Conclusion: how do tools of evasion become instruments of exploitation? by Scott Radnitz

Bibliography to Chapter 5

6 Gaming the system: strategies of camouflage

Introduction: gaming the system by Philip Hanson

Free-riding (staying under or over the radar)

6.1 Cash in hand (general) by Colin C. Williams
6.2 Blat (Romania) by Marius Wamsiedel
6.3 Švercovanje (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro) by Ivana Spasić
6.4 Deryban (Ukraine, Russia) by Olga Kesarchuk
6.5 Fimi Media (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović
6.6 Tangentopoli (Italy) by Liliana Onorato

Intermediation (partial compliance with the rules by creating invisibility)

6.7 Brokerage (general) by David Jancsics
6.8 Wāsṭa (Middle East, North Africa) by James Redman
6.9 Dalali (India) by Nicolas Martin
6.10 Torpil (Turkey) by Onur Yay
6.11 Gestión (Mexico) by Tina Hilgers
6.12 Pulling strings (UK/USA) by Peter B. Smith
6.13 Kombinacja (Poland) (alt. kombinacya, kombinowanie, kombinować) by Edyta Materka
6.14 S vrutka (Bulgaria) by Lora Koycheva
6.15 Raccomandazione (Italy) by Dorothy L. Zinn
6.16 Insider trading (USA/general) by Ilja Viktorov
6.17 Externe Personen (Germany) by Andreas Maisch
6.18 Pantouflage (France) by Frédérique Alexandre-Bailly and Maral Muratbekova-Touron
6.19 Stróman (Hungary) by David Jancsics
6.20 Benāmi (India) by Kalindi Kokal
6.21 No entry (India) by Nikhilesh Sinha and Indivar Jonnalagadda
6.22 Repetitorstvo (Russia and FSU) by Eduard Klein
6.23 Krysha (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) by Yulia Zabyelina and Anna Buzhor

Creating façades (partial compliance with the rules by visible camouflage)

6.24 Window dressing (general) by David Leung
6.25 Pripiski (Russia) by Mark Harrison
6.26 Kupona (Kosovo) by Arianit Tolaj
6.27 Alga aploksnē (Latvia) by Klāvs Sedlenieks
6.28 Vzaimozachety (Russia) by Caroline Dufy
6.29 Otkat (Russia) by Alexandra Vasileva
6.30 Potemkin villages (Russia) by Jessica T. Pisano
6.31 Astroturfing (USA/UK) by Anna Bailey and Sergei Samoilenko
6.32 Dzhinsa (Russia) by Françoise Daucé
6.33 Shpargalka (Russia) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt
6.34 Pyramid schemes (general) by Leonie Schiffauer

Playing the letter of the rules against their spirit

6.35 Flipping (UK) by Jonathan Webb
6.36 Reiderstvo (Russia and FSU) by Michael Mesquita
6.37 Zakaznoe bankrotstvo (Russia) by Yuko Adachi
6.38 Dangou/Dango (Japan) by Shuwei Qian
6.39 Vzyatkoemkost’ (Russia) by Christian Timm

Conclusion: methods of researching part-time crime and illicit economic activity by Gerald Mars

Bibliography to Chapter 6

Part 4: Domination — The motivational ambivalence: the blurring of the public and the private in the workings of informal power

Preface by Alena Ledeneva

7 Co-optation: recruiting clients and patrons

Introduction: carrots versus sticks in patron–client networks by Paul M. Heywood

7.1 Kormlenie (Russia) by Sergei Bogatyrev
7.2 Kula (Tanzania) by Richard Faustine Sambaiga
7.3 Old corruption (UK historical) by William Rubinstein
7.4 Political machineries (USA historical) by Fran Osrecki
7.5 Seilschaft (Germany) by Dieter Zinnbauer
7.6 Parteibuchwirtschaft (Austria and Germany) by Roland Arbesleitner
7.7 Tazkia (Iraqi Kurdistan) by Hemn Namiq Jameel
7.8 Uhljeb (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović
7.9 Trafika (Czech Republic) by Alzbeta Semsch
7.10 Padrino system/balimbing (Philippines) by Pak Nung Wong and Kristine A. Joyce Lara-de-Leon
7.11 Mafia Raj/Goonda Raj (India/South Asia) by Lucia Michelutti
7.12 Pork barreling (USA) by Andrew H. Sidman
7.13 Tamozhenniye l’goty (Russia) by Anna Bailey
7.14 Kumoterstwo and kolesiostwo (Poland) by Piotr Koryś and Maciej Tymiński
7.15 Quàn jiǔ (China) by Nan Zhao
7.16 Sadghegrdzelo (Georgia) by Florian Müehlfried
7.17 Goudui and Yingchou (China) by John Osburg

Conclusion: do patron–client relationships affect complex societies? by Elena Semenova

Bibliography to Chapter 7

8 Control: instruments of informal governance

Introduction: politics of fear by Vladimir Gelman

8.1 Brodiazhnichestvo (Russia) by Sheila Fitzpatrick with Sheelagh Barron
8.2 Songbun (North Korea) by James Pearson and Daniel Tudor
8.3 Dirt book (UK) by Anna Bailey
8.4 Kompromat (Russia) by Michael Mesquita
8.5 Chernukha (Russia) by Ilya Yablokov and Nadezhda Dreval
8.6 Character assassination (general) by Sergei Samoilenko, Eric Shiraev, Jennifer Keohane and Martijn Icks
8.7 Psikhushka (USSR) by Robert van Voren
8.8 Psikhushka (Russia) by Madeline Roache
8.9 Zersetzung (GDR) by Udo Grashoff
8.10 Smotryashchie, kuratory (Russia, Ukraine) by Andrew Wilson
8.11 Telefonnoe pravo (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva with Ružica Šimić Banović and Costanza Curro
8.12 Tsartsaani nüüdel (Mongolia) by Liz Fox
8.13 Vertical crowdsourcing (Russia) by Gregory Asmolov
8.14 Cyberattacks by semi-state actors (general) by Alistair Faulkner
8.15 Khokkeynaya diplomatiya (Russia) by Yoshiko M. Herrera and Yuval Weber

Conclusion: when do informal practices turn into informal institutions? Informal constitutions and informal ‘meta-rules’ by Scott Newton

Bibliography to Chapter 8

Concluding remarks to Volume 2: Are some countries more informal than others? The case of Russia by Svetlana Baruskova and Alena Ledeneva

Glossary

Index

Volume 3

The Raison d’Être of Informality Studies: An Introduction by Alena Ledeneva

Part 1: Being born

Introduction: Reproduction and Emotional Ambivalence by Michele Rivkin-Fish

8.16 Mei bao ma (China) by Hui Guo
8.17 Khamstvo (USSR, Russia) by Anastasia Novkunskaya, Daria Litvina and Anna Temkina
8.18 Selektivni abortus/tuđa večera (Montenegro) by Diāna Kiščenko
8.19 Xiaoerni (China) by Ling Meng
8.20 Parovoziki (Russia) by Ekaterina Pereprosova
8.21 Cumătrism (Moldova) by Andrei Iovu
8.22 Obnalichivanie (Russia) by James McMeehan Roberts
8.23 Rabenmutter (West Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Lena Nicolas-Kryzhko
8.24 Uklonenie ot alimentov (Russia) by Ekaterina Ivanova
8.25 Babushki (Russia) by Anna Shadrina

Bibliography to Chapter 1

Part 2: Growing up

Introduction: A Psychological Perspective on Socialisation by Thomas Tsichtis

8.26 Rallye Mondain (France) by Alexandre Lieure
8.27 Mianzi (China) by Long Zhang
8.28 Runs (Nigeria) by Olumuyiwa K. Ojo and Olusola Ayandele
8.29 Neijuan (China) by Haoxuan Mao
8.30 Słoiki (Poland) by Mathilde Ollivo
8.31 Pokhorony okurka (Russia and USSR) by Kirill Melnikov
8.32 Hikikomori (Japan) by Taiga Kambara
8.33 Gaser (Serbia and the Western Balkans) by Barbara Frey and Dragana Mrvoš
8.34 Lesboseksprosvet (Russia) by Polina Kislitsyna
8.35 The New Normal (Global) by Dmitry Kurnosov and Anna Varfolomeeva

Bibliography to Chapter 2

Part 3: Adjusting to the digital age

Introduction: Digitally Mediated (Mis)Trust by James Maguire and Kristoffer Albris

8.36 Shuahaoping (China) by Xiangyi Liao
8.37 Travel influencers (Global) by Eugénie Pereira Couttolenc
8.38 Follower buying (Global) by Christina Zimmermann
8.39 Ticket touting (Global) by Patricia Donovan
8.40 Doxing (Global) by James Morgan
8.41 Catfishing (Global) by Jade Jacobs
8.42 Revenge porn (Global) by Julia Schur
8.43 Telefon gap zadan (Tajikistan) by Swetlana Torno

Bibliography to Chapter 3

Part 4: Getting married

Introduction: Marriage and Informality by Péter Berta

8.44 Caili (China) by Ling Zhang
8.45 Ala kachuu (Kyrgyzstan) by Alberica Camerani
8.46 Mendanghudui (China) by Shiqi Yin
8.47 Nikoh (Tajikistan) by Madina Gazieva
8.48 Sdelat’ ZAGS (Russia) by Elena Borisova
8.49 Bridezilla (UK, North America and Australia) by Julia Carter
8.50 Karmir khndzor (Armenia) by Anna Temkina and Lilit Zakaryan :4.8 Kelin (Central Asia) by Tommaso Aguzzi
8.51 Ernai (China) by Ouxiang Ji
8.52 Toqal / Tokal (Kazakhstan) by Nursultan Suleimenov
8.53 Burrnesha (Albania) by Ellen Robertson

Bibliography to Chapter 4

Part 5: Belonging and social exclusion

Introduction: Gender, Social Exclusion and the Dark Side of Informal Networks by Sven Horak and Fadi Alsarhan

8.54 KhTsB (Armenia) by Armine Petrosyan
8.55 Pečenje rakije (Serbia) by Maria Vivod
8.56 Hemsëhricilik (Turkey) by Eda Pamuksuzer
8.57 Ahbap-çavuş ilişkisi (Turkey) by Semih Ergelen
8.58 Grypsowanie (Poland) by Piotr Majda
8.59 Meso (Cyprus and Greece) by George Hajipavli
8.60 Palanca (Mexico) by David Arellano-Gault and Luis Jair Trejo-Alonso
8.61 Kabel (Malaysia) by Christian Giordano
8.62 Fanju (China) by Lang Liu
8.63 Enchufismo (Spain) by Ignacio Fradejas-García
8.64 A molestar a otro lado (Guatemala) by Jose Godinez and Denise Dunlap

Bibliography to Chapter 5

Part 6: Alternative currencies of support

Introduction: Sharing Norms by Elodie Douarin

8.54 Znaki Vnimaniya (Russia and FSU) by Conor Murray
8.55 Sinnamjai (Thailand) by Wasin Punthong and Attasit Pankaew
8.56 Joro (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova
8.57 Sadaqa (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) by Aisalkyn Botoeva
8.58 Ashar (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova
8.59 Nisia (Georgia) by Megi Kartsivadze
8.60 Cassa peota (Italy) by Giulio Benedetti
8.61 Chernaya kassa (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova
8.62 Moai (Japan) by Abel Polese
8.63 Koshumcha (Kyrgyzstan) by Eugenia Pesci
8.64 Pujogǔm (South Korea) by You Kyung Byun
8.65 Poclon (Wallachia, Romania) by Vasile Mihai Olaru

Bibliography to Chapter 6

Part 7: Gaining an advantage

Introduction: Trickster by Mark Lipovetsky

8.66 Chanchullo (Central America) by Denise Dunlap and Jose Godinez
8.67 Gorroneo (Spain and Hispanic America) by Ignacio Fradejas-García
8.68 (Za)chachmęcenie (Poland) by Alisa Musanovic
8.69 Nokofio (Ghana) by Dagna Rams
8.70 Chaa pani (India) by Ajeet Kaur
8.71 Duit kopi (Malaysia) by Christian Giordano
8.72 Aumento (Lowland South America) by Daniela Peluso
8.73 Pari pod masata (Bulgaria) by Kristina Tsabala
8.74 Otkat vizy (Russia) by Olga Tkach

Bibliography to Chapter 7

Part 8: Informal income

Introduction: Informal Economy by Colin C. Williams

8.75 Svart Arbete (Sweden) by Lotta Björklund Larsen
8.76 Travail au noir (France) by Carla Montigny
8.77 Caporalato (Italy) by Francesco Bagnardi
8.78 Paga globale (Italy) by Giulio Benedetti
8.79 Shabashniki (USSR, Russia) by Nikolay Erofeev
8.80 Khaltura (USSR) by Taisiia Nahorna
8.81 Stacze kolejkowi (Poland) by Nikolaos Olma
8.82 Taksovanie (Uzbekistan) by Nikolaos Olma
8.83 Trotro (Ghana) by Jennifer Hart
8.84 Pfandsammeln (Germany) by Annika Kurze
8.85 Andare in giro (Italy) by Isabella Clough Marinaro

Bibliography to Chapter 8

Part 9: Becoming an entrepreneur

Introduction: Entrepreneurship by Abel Polese

8.86 Combina (Israel) by Ina Kubbe
8.87 Manteros (Spain) by Horacio Espinosa
8.88 Tenderpreneur (South Africa) by Laurence Piper and Andrew Charman
8.89 Mzungu price (Kenya) by Yunqiao Xu
8.90 Churning (Canada) by Katie Kilroy-Marac
8.91 Double Irish (Ireland) by Julia Schmalz
8.92 Palyonka (Russia) by Zoya Kotelnikova
8.93 Mertvye Dushi (Russian Federation, 1991- onwards) by Ekaterina Vorobeva
8.94 Bin Diwar, Fazaee (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)by Hemn Namiq Jameel

Bibliography to Chapter 9

Part 10: Living on the edge

Introduction: Triangulating Ethnicity, Networks and Migration by Endre Sik

8.95 Vorovskie pasporta (Russia) by Andrey V. Gornostaev
8.96 Saksy (Poland) by Krzysztof Kruk
8.97 Ściągnąć (Poland) by Anne White
8.98 Trailing spouses (India) by Shalini Grover and Sanna Schliewe
8.99 Mulas (Cuba) by Concetta Russo
9.00 Simsar, samsara (Middle East and North Africa) by Alberica Camerani
9.01 Jak igrač (North Macedonia) by Borjan Gjuzelov
9.02 Nojukusha (Japan) by Hideo Aoki
9.03 La débrouille (Former French and Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa) by Cécile B. Vigouroux
9.04 No. 8 wire (New Zealand) by Grace Reynolds

Bibliography to Chapter 10

Part 11: Settling in

Introduction: Informal Housing and Beyond by Anthony Boanada-Fuchs and Vanessa Boanada-Fuchs

9.05 Colonias (USA) by Michael J. Pisani
9.06 Chabolismo (Spain) by Noel A. Manzano Gómez
9.07 Samozakhvat (Kyrgyzstan) by Eliza Isabaeva
9.08 Zaniato (Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus) by Andrea Peinhopf
9.09 Xiaochanquan (China) by Cinzia Losavio
9.10 Chuồng Cọp (Vietnam) by Francisco García Moro
9.11 Divlja gradnja (Countries of Former Yugoslavia) by Fynn-Morten Heckert
9.12 Vrtičkarstvo (Slovenia) by Petra Matijevic
9.13 Gated communities, or informality of the rich (Global) by Udo Grashoff

Bibliography to Chapter 11

Part 12: Engaging Politically

Introduction: Political Participation by Uta Staiger

9.14 Voto di scambio (Italy) by Alberica Camerani
9.15 Vote buying / Vote selling (Western Balkans) by Jovan Bliznakovski
9.16 Party soldiers (Western Balkans) by Jovan Bliznakovski
9.17 Maliks (Afghanistan) by Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili
9.18 Titushky (Ukraine) by Michal Pszyk
9.19 Krumpliosztás (Hungary) by Zsofia Stavri
9.20 Mungu idekh (Mongolia) by Marissa Smith
9.21 Parillada (Spanish-speaking Amazonia) by Daniela Peluso
9.22 Ne Talasaj (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro) by Emina Ribo

Bibliography to Chapter 12

Part 13: Ageing power

Introduction: Demystifying Ageing and Power by Gemma Carney and Mia Gray

9.23 OBON (Kyrgyzstan) by Elmira Satybaldieva
9.24 Jirga / Shura (Afghanistan) by Madeleine O. Nosworthy
9.25 Aqsaqal(Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan) by Talshyn Tokyzhanova
9.26 Mullahs (Afghanistan) by Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili
9.27 Amakudari (Japan) by Hayato Moriyama
9.28 Jajmani (South Asia) by Soumya Mishra
9.29 Partiti (Corsica) by Paul Thomé
9.30 Caciquismo (Mexico) by Fausto Carbajal Glass
9.31 Maan tapa (Finland) by Simo Mannila
9.32 Duang muang (Thailand) by Akkharaphong Khamkhun, Pridi Banomyong and Wasin Punthong
9.33 Okkul’t (Russia) by Valeriy Solovey

Bibliography to Chapter 13

Part 14: Informal care and the end

Introduction: Elderly Care and Ambivalence by Elena Zdravomyslova

9.34 Baksy (Kazakhstan) by Lyazzat Utesheva
9.35 Bajanje (Serbia and the Western Balkans) by Maria Vivod
9.36 Tchop (Caucasus) by Maria Vyatchina
9.37 Kako mati (Greece) by Eugenia Roussou
9.38 Marmotagem (Brazil) by Giovanna Capponi
9.39 ThetaHealing (Russia) by Tatiana Loboda
9.40 Indulgence (Global) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Sibylle Krause
9.41 Ehsan (Azerbaijan) by Turkhan Sadigov
9.42 Pomeni (Moldova) by Gian Marco Moisé
9.43 Mingbi (China) by Yizhou Xu

Bibliography to Chapter 14

Concluding remarks to Volume 3: The Big Three and Informality by Jan Nederveen Pieterse

Glossary

Index

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