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'''1 Neither gift nor commodity: the instrumentality of sociability''' | '''1 Neither gift nor commodity: the instrumentality of sociability''' | ||
[[Economies_of_favours|Introduction: economies of favours by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig | [[Economies_of_favours|Introduction: economies of favours]] by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig | ||
:1.1 [[Blat_(Russia)|Blat]] (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva | :1.1 [[Blat_(Russia)|Blat]] (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva | ||
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:1.21 [[Amici,_amigos_(Mediterranean_and_Latin_America)|Amici, amigos]] (Mediterranean and Latin America) by Christian Giordano | :1.21 [[Amici,_amigos_(Mediterranean_and_Latin_America)|Amici, amigos]] (Mediterranean and Latin America) by Christian Giordano | ||
[[Managing_favours_in_a_global_economy|Conclusion: managing favours in a global economy by Sheila M. Puffer and Daniel J. McCarthy | [[Managing_favours_in_a_global_economy|Conclusion: managing favours in a global economy]] by Sheila M. Puffer and Daniel J. McCarthy | ||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=142 Bibliography to Chapter 1] | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=142 Bibliography to Chapter 1] | ||
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'''2 Neither gift nor payment: the sociability of instrumentality''' | '''2 Neither gift nor payment: the sociability of instrumentality''' | ||
[[Vernaculars_of_informality|Introduction: vernaculars of informality by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig | [[Vernaculars_of_informality|Introduction: vernaculars of informality]] by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig | ||
:2.1 [[Okurimono_No_Shukan_(Japan)|Okurimono no shûkan]] (Japan) by Katherine Rupp | :2.1 [[Okurimono_No_Shukan_(Japan)|Okurimono no shûkan]] (Japan) by Katherine Rupp | ||
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:2.21 [[Dash_(Nigeria)|Dash]] (Nigeria and other West African countries) by Daniel Jordan Smith | :2.21 [[Dash_(Nigeria)|Dash]] (Nigeria and other West African countries) by Daniel Jordan Smith | ||
[['Interested'_vs_'Distinterested'_Giving:_Defining_Extortion,_Reciprocity_and_Pure_Gifts_in_the_Connected_Worlds|Conclusion: ‘interested’ vs ‘disinterested’ giving: defining extortion, reciprocity and pure gifts in the connected worlds by Florence Weber | [['Interested'_vs_'Distinterested'_Giving:_Defining_Extortion,_Reciprocity_and_Pure_Gifts_in_the_Connected_Worlds|Conclusion: ‘interested’ vs ‘disinterested’ giving: defining extortion, reciprocity and pure gifts in the connected worlds]] by Florence Weber | ||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=232 Bibliography to Chapter 2] | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=232 Bibliography to Chapter 2] | ||
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'''3 Conformity: the lock-in effect of social ties''' | '''3 Conformity: the lock-in effect of social ties''' | ||
[[Group_identity_and_the_ambivalence_of_norms|Introduction: group identity and the ambivalence of norms by Eric Gordy | [[Group_identity_and_the_ambivalence_of_norms|Introduction: group identity and the ambivalence of norms]] by Eric Gordy | ||
Kinship lock-in | Kinship lock-in | ||
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:3.28 [[Futbolna_frakcia_(Bulgaria)|Futbolna frakcia]] (Bulgaria) by Kremena Iordanova | :3.28 [[Futbolna_frakcia_(Bulgaria)|Futbolna frakcia]] (Bulgaria) by Kremena Iordanova | ||
[[Organic_solidarity_and_informality|Conclusion: organic solidarity and informality – two irreconcilable concepts? by Christian Giordano | [[Organic_solidarity_and_informality|Conclusion: organic solidarity and informality – two irreconcilable concepts?]] by Christian Giordano | ||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=350 Bibliography to Chapter 3] | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=350 Bibliography to Chapter 3] | ||
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'''4 The unlocking power of non-conformity: cultural resistance vs political opposition''' | '''4 The unlocking power of non-conformity: cultural resistance vs political opposition''' | ||
[[The grey zones between cultural and political|Introduction: the grey zones between cultural and political by Peter Zusi | [[The grey zones between cultural and political|Introduction: the grey zones between cultural and political]] by Peter Zusi | ||
:4.1 [[Artistic_repossession_(USSR)|Artistic repossession]] (general) by Christina Ezrahi | :4.1 [[Artistic_repossession_(USSR)|Artistic repossession]] (general) by Christina Ezrahi | ||
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:4.10 [[Hacktivism_(Global)|Hacktivism]] (general) by Alex Gekker | :4.10 [[Hacktivism_(Global)|Hacktivism]] (general) by Alex Gekker | ||
[[Ambiguities of accommodation|Conclusion: ambiguities of accommodation, resistance and rebellion by Jan Kubik | [[Ambiguities of accommodation|Conclusion: ambiguities of accommodation, resistance and rebellion]] by Jan Kubik | ||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=410 Bibliography to Chapter 4] | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041167/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume.1.pdf#page=410 Bibliography to Chapter 4] | ||
[[What is old and what is new in the dialectic of 'us' and 'them'?|Concluding remarks to Volume 1: what is old and what is new in the dialectics of ‘us’ and ‘them’? Zygmunt Bauman | [[What is old and what is new in the dialectic of 'us' and 'them'?|Concluding remarks to Volume 1: what is old and what is new in the dialectics of ‘us’ and ‘them’?]] by Zygmunt Bauman | ||
Glossary | Glossary | ||
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'''Part 3: Market''' | '''Part 3: Market''' | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
The functional ambivalence of informal strategies: supportive or subversive? | '''The functional ambivalence of informal strategies: supportive or subversive?''' | ||
Preface by Alena Ledeneva | [[:Category:Functional|Preface by Alena Ledeneva]] | ||
The system made me do it: strategies of survival | '''5 The system made me do it: strategies of survival''' | ||
Introduction: the puzzles of informal economy by Colin Marx | [[The puzzles of informal economy|Introduction: the puzzles of informal economy]] by Colin Marx | ||
Informal dwelling | |||
5. | :5.1 [[Squatting_(Global)|Squatting]] by Jovana Dikovic | ||
5. | :5.2 [[Schwarzwohnen_(GDR)|Schwarzwohnen]] (GDR) by Udo Grashoff | ||
5. | :5.3 [[Kraken_(Netherlands)|Kraken]] (The Netherlands) by Hans Pruijt | ||
5. | :5.4 [[Allegados_(Chile)|Allegados]] (Chile) by Ignacia Ossul | ||
5. | :5.5 [[Favela_(Brazil)|Favela]] (Brazil) by Marta-Laura Suska | ||
5. | :5.6 [[Campamento_(Chile)|Campamento]] (Chile) by Armando Caroca Fernandez | ||
5.8 [[Dacha_(Russia)|Dacha]] (Russia) by Stephen Lovell | :5.7 [[Mukhayyam_(Occupied_Palestinian_Territories)|Mukhayyam]] (occupied Palestinian territories and neighbouring Arab countries) by Lorenzo Navone and Federico Rahola | ||
:5.8 [[Dacha_(Russia)|Dacha]] (Russia) by Stephen Lovell | |||
Informal welfare | Informal welfare | ||
5.9 [[Pabirčenje_(Serbia,_Croatia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)|Pabirčiti (or pabirčenje)]] (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Jovana Dikovic | :5.9 [[Pabirčenje_(Serbia,_Croatia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)|Pabirčiti (or pabirčenje)]] (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Jovana Dikovic | ||
:5.10 [[Skipping_(England)|Skipping]] (general) by Giovanna Capponi | |||
:5.11 [[Caffè_sospeso_(Italy)|Caffè sospeso]] (Italy) by Paolo Mancini | |||
5. | :5.12 [[Gap_(Uzbekistan)|Gap]] (Uzbekistan) by Timur Alexandrov | ||
5. | :5.13 [[Pomochi_(Russia)|Pomochi]] (Russia) by Irina V. Davydova | ||
5. | :5.14 [[Nachbarschaftshilfe_(Germany)|Nachbarschaftshilfe]] (Germany and German-speaking countries) by Roland Arbesleitner | ||
5. | :5.15 [[Sosyudad_(Philippines)|Sosyudad]] (Philippines) by Ramon Felipe A. Sarmiento | ||
5. | :5.16 [[Vay_mượn_(Vietnam)|Vay mượn]] (Vietnam) by Abel Polese | ||
5. | :5.17 [[Loteria_(Albania)|Loteria / Lloteria]] (Albania) by Drini Imami, Abel Polese and Klodjan Rama | ||
5. | :5.18 [[Esusu_(Nigeria)|Esusu]] (Nigeria) by Evans Osabuohien and Oluyomi Ola-David | ||
5. | :5.19 [[Mahallah_(Uzbekistan)|Mahalla]] (Uzbekistan) by Rustamjon Urinboyev | ||
5. | :5.20 [[Tandas_and_cundinas_(Mexico_and_south-western_USA)|Tandas and cundinas]] (Mexico and south-western USA) by Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez | ||
5. | :5.21 [[Salam_Credit_(Afghanistan)|Salam credit]] (Afghanistan) by James McLeod-Hatch | ||
5. | :5.22 [[Obshchak_(Russia)|Obshchak]] (Russia) by Gavin Slade 80 | ||
Informal entrepreneurship | |||
5. | :5.23 [[Zarobitchanstvo_(Ukraine)|Zarobitchanstvo]] (Ukraine) by Alissa Tolstokorova | ||
5. | :5.24 [[Rad_na_crno_(Serbia)|Rad na crno]] (Serbia) by Kosovka Ognjenović | ||
5. | :5.25 [[Small-scale_smuggling_(Global)|Small-scale smuggling]] (general) by Bettina Bruns | ||
5. | :5.26 [[Chelnoki_(Russia_and_FSU)|Chelnoki]] (Russia and FSU) by Anna Cieślewska | ||
5. | :5.27 [[Spaza_(South_Africa)|Spaza shops]] (South Africa) by Vanya Gastrow | ||
5. | :5.28 [[Shebeens_(South_Africa)|Shebeens]] (South Africa) by Nicolette Peters | ||
5. | :5.29 [[Samogonovareniye_(Russia_and_FSU)|Samogonovarenie]] (Russia) by Mark Lawrence Schrad | ||
5. | :5.30 [[Buôn_có_bạn,_bán_có_phường_(Vietnam)|Buôn có bạn, bán có phường]] (Vietnam) by Abel Polese | ||
5. | :5.31 [[Chợ_cóc_(Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam)|Chợ cóc]] (Socialist Republic of Vietnam) by Gertrud Hüwelmeier | ||
5. | :5.32 [[Rod-re_(Thailand)|Rod-re]] (Thailand) by Kisnaphol Wattanawanyoo 114 | ||
5. | :5.33 [[Boda-boda_(Uganda)|Boda-boda taxis]] (Uganda) by Tom Goodfellow | ||
5. | :5.34 [[Stoyanshik_(Georgia)|Stoyanshiki]] (Georgia) by Lela Rekhviashvili | ||
5. | :5.35 [[Baraholka_(Kazakhstan)|Baraholka]] (Kazakhstan) by Dena Sholk | ||
5. | :5.36 [[Budženje_(Serbia,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina,_Montenegro_and_Croatia)|Budženje]] (Serbia) by Marko Zivković | ||
5. | :5.37 [[Jugaad_(India)|Jugaad]] (India) by Shahana Chattaraj | ||
5. | :5.38 [[Jangmadang_(North_Korea)|Jangmadang]] (North Korea) by Sokeel Park and James Pearson | ||
5. | :5.39 [[Informal_mining_(Global)|Informal mining]] (general) by Alvin A. Camba | ||
5. | :5.40 [[Hawala_(Middle_East,_India_and_Pakistan)|Hawala]] (Middle East, India and Pakistan) by Nauman Farooqi | ||
5. | :5.41 [[Bitcoin_(Global)|Bitcoin]] (general) by Jean-Philippe Vergne and Gautam Swain 1 | ||
[[How do tools of evasion become instruments of exploitation|Conclusion: how do tools of evasion become instruments of exploitation?]] by Scott Radnitz | |||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=187 Bibliography to Chapter 5] | |||
Gaming the system: strategies of camouflage | '''6 Gaming the system: strategies of camouflage''' | ||
Introduction: gaming the system by Philip Hanson | [[Gaming the system|Introduction: gaming the system]] by Philip Hanson | ||
Free-riding (staying under or over the radar) | Free-riding (staying under or over the radar) | ||
6.1 [[Cash-in-hand_(United_Kingdom)|Cash in hand]] (general) by Colin C. Williams | :6.1 [[Cash-in-hand_(United_Kingdom)|Cash in hand]] (general) by Colin C. Williams | ||
6.2 [[Blat_(Romania)|Blat]] (Romania) by Marius Wamsiedel | :6.2 [[Blat_(Romania)|Blat]] (Romania) by Marius Wamsiedel | ||
6.3 [[Švercovanje_(Serbia)|Švercovanje]] (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro) by Ivana Spasić | :6.3 [[Švercovanje_(Serbia)|Švercovanje]] (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro) by Ivana Spasić | ||
6.4 [[Deryban_(Ukraine_and_Russia)|Deryban]] (Ukraine, Russia) by Olga Kesarchuk | :6.4 [[Deryban_(Ukraine_and_Russia)|Deryban]] (Ukraine, Russia) by Olga Kesarchuk | ||
6.5 [[Fimi_Media_(Croatia)|Fimi Media]] (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović | :6.5 [[Fimi_Media_(Croatia)|Fimi Media]] (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović | ||
6.6 [[Tangentopoli_(Italy)|Tangentopoli]] (Italy) by Liliana Onorato | :6.6 [[Tangentopoli_(Italy)|Tangentopoli]] (Italy) by Liliana Onorato | ||
Intermediation (partial compliance with the rules by creating invisibility) | Intermediation (partial compliance with the rules by creating invisibility) | ||
6.7 [[Brokerage_(Global)|Brokerage]] (general) by David Jancsics | :6.7 [[Brokerage_(Global)|Brokerage]] (general) by David Jancsics | ||
6.8 [[Wasta_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)|Wāsṭa]] (Middle East, North Africa) by James Redman | :6.8 [[Wasta_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)|Wāsṭa]] (Middle East, North Africa) by James Redman | ||
6.9 [[Dalali_(India)|Dalali]] (India) by Nicolas Martin | :6.9 [[Dalali_(India)|Dalali]] (India) by Nicolas Martin | ||
6.10 [[Torpil_(Turkey)|Torpil]] (Turkey) by Onur Yay | :6.10 [[Torpil_(Turkey)|Torpil]] (Turkey) by Onur Yay | ||
6.11 [[Gestión_(Mexico)|Gestión]] (Mexico) by Tina Hilgers | :6.11 [[Gestión_(Mexico)|Gestión]] (Mexico) by Tina Hilgers | ||
6.12 [[Pulling_strings_(UK_and_USA)|Pulling strings]] (UK/USA) by Peter B. Smith | :6.12 [[Pulling_strings_(UK_and_USA)|Pulling strings]] (UK/USA) by Peter B. Smith | ||
6.13 [[Kombinacja_(Poland)|Kombinacja]] (Poland) (alt. kombinacya, kombinowanie, kombinować) by Edyta Materka | :6.13 [[Kombinacja_(Poland)|Kombinacja]] (Poland) (alt. kombinacya, kombinowanie, kombinować) by Edyta Materka | ||
6.14 [[S_vrutka_(Bulgaria)|S vrutka]] (Bulgaria) by Lora Koycheva | :6.14 [[S_vrutka_(Bulgaria)|S vrutka]] (Bulgaria) by Lora Koycheva | ||
6.15 [[Raccomandazione_(Italy)|Raccomandazione]] (Italy) by Dorothy L. Zinn | :6.15 [[Raccomandazione_(Italy)|Raccomandazione]] (Italy) by Dorothy L. Zinn | ||
6.16 [[Insider_trading_(Global)|Insider trading]] (USA/general) by Ilja Viktorov | :6.16 [[Insider_trading_(Global)|Insider trading]] (USA/general) by Ilja Viktorov | ||
6.17 [[Externe_Personen_(Germany)|Externe Personen]] (Germany) by Andreas Maisch | :6.17 [[Externe_Personen_(Germany)|Externe Personen]] (Germany) by Andreas Maisch | ||
6.18 [[Pantouflage,_corpsards_(France)|Pantouflage]] (France) by Frédérique Alexandre-Bailly and Maral Muratbekova-Touron | :6.18 [[Pantouflage,_corpsards_(France)|Pantouflage]] (France) by Frédérique Alexandre-Bailly and Maral Muratbekova-Touron | ||
6.19 [[Stróman_(Hungary)|Stróman]] (Hungary) by David Jancsics | :6.19 [[Stróman_(Hungary)|Stróman]] (Hungary) by David Jancsics | ||
6.20 [[Benāmi_(India)|Benāmi]] (India) by Kalindi Kokal | :6.20 [[Benāmi_(India)|Benāmi]] (India) by Kalindi Kokal | ||
6.21 [[No_Entry_(India)|No entry]] (India) by Nikhilesh Sinha and Indivar Jonnalagadda | :6.21 [[No_Entry_(India)|No entry]] (India) by Nikhilesh Sinha and Indivar Jonnalagadda | ||
6.22 [[Repetitorstvo_(Russia_and_FSU)|Repetitorstvo]] (Russia and FSU) by Eduard Klein | :6.22 [[Repetitorstvo_(Russia_and_FSU)|Repetitorstvo]] (Russia and FSU) by Eduard Klein | ||
6.23 [[Krysha_(Russia,_Ukraine,_Belarus)|Krysha]] (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) by Yulia Zabyelina and Anna Buzhor | :6.23 [[Krysha_(Russia,_Ukraine,_Belarus)|Krysha]] (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) by Yulia Zabyelina and Anna Buzhor | ||
Creating façades (partial compliance with the rules by visible camouflage) | Creating façades (partial compliance with the rules by visible camouflage) | ||
6.24 [[Window_dressing_(Global)|Window dressing]] (general) by David Leung | :6.24 [[Window_dressing_(Global)|Window dressing]] (general) by David Leung | ||
6.25 [[Pripiski_(USSR)|Pripiski]] (Russia) by Mark Harrison | :6.25 [[Pripiski_(USSR)|Pripiski]] (Russia) by Mark Harrison | ||
6.26 [[Kupona_(Kosovo)|Kupona]] (Kosovo) by Arianit Tolaj | :6.26 [[Kupona_(Kosovo)|Kupona]] (Kosovo) by Arianit Tolaj | ||
6.27 [[Alga_aploksnē_(Latvia)|Alga aploksnē]] (Latvia) by Klāvs Sedlenieks | :6.27 [[Alga_aploksnē_(Latvia)|Alga aploksnē]] (Latvia) by Klāvs Sedlenieks | ||
6.28 [[Vzaimnyi_zachet_(Russia)|Vzaimozachety]] (Russia) by Caroline Dufy | :6.28 [[Vzaimnyi_zachet_(Russia)|Vzaimozachety]] (Russia) by Caroline Dufy | ||
6.29 [[Otkat_(Russia)|Otkat]] (Russia) by Alexandra Vasileva | :6.29 [[Otkat_(Russia)|Otkat]] (Russia) by Alexandra Vasileva | ||
6.30 [[Potemkin_village_(Russia)|Potemkin villages]] (Russia) by Jessica T. Pisano | :6.30 [[Potemkin_village_(Russia)|Potemkin villages]] (Russia) by Jessica T. Pisano | ||
6.31 [[Astroturfing_(Global)|Astroturfing]] (USA/UK) by Anna Bailey and Sergei Samoilenko | :6.31 [[Astroturfing_(Global)|Astroturfing]] (USA/UK) by Anna Bailey and Sergei Samoilenko | ||
6.32 [[Dzhinsa_(Russia_and_FSU)|Dzhinsa]] (Russia) by Françoise Daucé | :6.32 [[Dzhinsa_(Russia_and_FSU)|Dzhinsa]] (Russia) by Françoise Daucé | ||
6.33 [[Shpargalka_(Russia)|Shpargalka]] (Russia) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt | :6.33 [[Shpargalka_(Russia)|Shpargalka]] (Russia) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt | ||
6.34 [[Pyramid_schemes_(Global)|Pyramid schemes]] (general) by Leonie Schiffauer | :6.34 [[Pyramid_schemes_(Global)|Pyramid schemes]] (general) by Leonie Schiffauer | ||
Playing the letter of the rules against their spirit | Playing the letter of the rules against their spirit | ||
6.35 [[Flipping_(United_Kingdom)|Flipping]] (UK) by Jonathan Webb | :6.35 [[Flipping_(United_Kingdom)|Flipping]] (UK) by Jonathan Webb | ||
:6.36 [[Reiderstvo_(Russia)|Reiderstvo]] (Russia and FSU) by Michael Mesquita | |||
6. | :6.37 [[Zakaznoe_bankrotstvo_(Russia)|Zakaznoe bankrotstvo]] (Russia) by Yuko Adachi | ||
6. | :6.38 [[Dangou_(Japan)|Dangou/Dango]] (Japan) by Shuwei Qian | ||
6. | :6.39 [[Vzyatkoemkost_(Russia_and_FSU)|Vzyatkoemkost’]] (Russia) by Christian Timm | ||
[[Methods of researching part-time crime and illicit economic activity|Conclusion: methods of researching part-time crime and illicit economic activity]] by Gerald Mars | |||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=348 Bibliography to Chapter 6] | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
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'''Part 4: Domination''' | '''Part 4: Domination''' | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> | ||
'''The motivational ambivalence: the blurring of the public and the private in the workings of informal power''' | |||
[[:Category:Motivational|Preface by Alena Ledeneva]] | |||
'''7 Co-optation: recruiting clients and patrons''' | |||
[[Carrots versus sticks in patron–client networks|Introduction: carrots versus sticks in patron–client networks]] by Paul M. Heywood | |||
7 | :7.1 [[Kormlenie]] (Russia) by Sergei Bogatyrev | ||
:7.2 [[Kula]] (Tanzania) by Richard Faustine Sambaiga | |||
7. | :7.3 [[Old corruption]] (UK historical) by William Rubinstein | ||
7. | :7.4 [[Political_machineries|Political machineries]] (USA historical) by Fran Osrecki | ||
7. | :7.5 [[Seilschaft]] (Germany) by Dieter Zinnbauer | ||
7. | :7.6 [[Parteibuchwirtschaft]] (Austria and Germany) by Roland Arbesleitner | ||
7. | :7.7 [[Tazkia]] (Iraqi Kurdistan) by Hemn Namiq Jameel | ||
7. | :7.8 [[Uhljeb]] (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović | ||
7. | :7.9 [[Trafika]] (Czech Republic) by Alzbeta Semsch | ||
7. | :7.10 [[Padrino_System|Padrino system/balimbing]] (Philippines) by Pak Nung Wong and Kristine A. Joyce Lara-de-Leon | ||
7. | :7.11 [[Mafia_Raj|Mafia Raj/Goonda Raj]] (India/South Asia) by Lucia Michelutti | ||
7. | :7.12 [[Pork_barreling|Pork barreling]] (USA) by Andrew H. Sidman | ||
7. | :7.13 Tamozhenniye l’goty (Russia) by Anna Bailey | ||
7. | :7.14 [[Kumoterstwo_and_kolesiostwo|Kumoterstwo and kolesiostwo]] (Poland) by Piotr Koryś and Maciej Tymiński | ||
7. | :7.15 [[Quàn_jiǔ|Quàn jiǔ]] (China) by Nan Zhao | ||
7. | :7.16 [[Sadghegrdzelo_(toast)|Sadghegrdzelo]] (Georgia) by Florian Müehlfried | ||
7. | :7.17 [[Goudui_and_Yingchou|Goudui and Yingchou]] (China) by John Osburg | ||
[[Do patron–client relationships affect complex societies|Conclusion: do patron–client relationships affect complex societies?]] by Elena Semenova | |||
[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=440 Bibliography to Chapter 7] | |||
8 Control: instruments of informal governance | '''8 Control: instruments of informal governance''' | ||
Introduction: politics of fear by Vladimir Gelman | [[Politics of fear|Introduction: politics of fear]] by Vladimir Gelman | ||
8.1 [[Brodiazhnichestvo]] (Russia) by Sheila Fitzpatrick with Sheelagh Barron | :8.1 [[Brodiazhnichestvo]] (Russia) by Sheila Fitzpatrick with Sheelagh Barron | ||
8.2 [[Songbun]] (North Korea) by James Pearson and Daniel Tudor | :8.2 [[Songbun]] (North Korea) by James Pearson and Daniel Tudor | ||
8.3 [[Dirt_book|Dirt book]] (UK) by Anna Bailey | :8.3 [[Dirt_book|Dirt book]] (UK) by Anna Bailey | ||
8.4 [[Kompromat]] (Russia) by Michael Mesquita | :8.4 [[Kompromat]] (Russia) by Michael Mesquita | ||
8.5 [[Chernukha]] (Russia) by Ilya Yablokov and Nadezhda Dreval | :8.5 [[Chernukha]] (Russia) by Ilya Yablokov and Nadezhda Dreval | ||
8.6 [[Character_assassination|Character assassination]] (general) by Sergei Samoilenko, Eric Shiraev, Jennifer Keohane and Martijn Icks | :8.6 [[Character_assassination|Character assassination]] (general) by Sergei Samoilenko, Eric Shiraev, Jennifer Keohane and Martijn Icks | ||
8.7 [[Psikhushka]] (USSR) by Robert van Voren | :8.7 [[Psikhushka]] (USSR) by Robert van Voren | ||
8.8 [[Psikhushka_(Russia）|Psikhushka]] (Russia) by Madeline Roache | :8.8 [[Psikhushka_(Russia）|Psikhushka]] (Russia) by Madeline Roache | ||
8.9 [[Zersetzung]] (GDR) by Udo Grashoff | :8.9 [[Zersetzung]] (GDR) by Udo Grashoff | ||
8.10 [[Smotryashchie,_kuratory|Smotryashchie, kuratory]] (Russia, Ukraine) by Andrew Wilson | :8.10 [[Smotryashchie,_kuratory|Smotryashchie, kuratory]] (Russia, Ukraine) by Andrew Wilson | ||
8.11 [[Telefonnoe_pravo|Telefonnoe pravo]] (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva with Ružica Šimić Banović and Costanza Curro | :8.11 [[Telefonnoe_pravo|Telefonnoe pravo]] (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva with Ružica Šimić Banović and Costanza Curro | ||
8.12 Tsartsaani nüüdel (Mongolia) by Liz Fox | :8.12 Tsartsaani nüüdel (Mongolia) by Liz Fox | ||
8.13 Vertical crowdsourcing (Russia) by Gregory Asmolov | :8.13 Vertical crowdsourcing (Russia) by Gregory Asmolov | ||
8.14 [[Cyberattack_(Political)|Cyberattacks by semi-state actors]] (general) by Alistair Faulkner | :8.14 [[Cyberattack_(Political)|Cyberattacks by semi-state actors]] (general) by Alistair Faulkner | ||
8.15 Khokkeynaya diplomatiya (Russia) by Yoshiko M. Herrera and Yuval Weber | :8.15 Khokkeynaya diplomatiya (Russia) by Yoshiko M. Herrera and Yuval Weber | ||
Conclusion: when do informal practices turn into informal institutions? Informal constitutions and informal ‘meta-rules’ by Scott Newton | [[Informal constitutions and informal meta-rules|Conclusion: when do informal practices turn into informal institutions? Informal constitutions and informal ‘meta-rules’]] by Scott Newton | ||
Bibliography to Chapter 8 | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=509 Bibliography to Chapter 8] | ||
Concluding remarks to Volume 2: are some countries more informal than others? The case of Russia Svetlana Baruskova and Alena Ledeneva | [[Are some countries more informal than others? The case of Russia|Concluding remarks to Volume 2: are some countries more informal than others? The case of Russia]] by Svetlana Baruskova and Alena Ledeneva | ||
Index | Index | ||
Revision as of 16:38, 4 July 2018
About the book
This unique collection invites you on a voyage of discovery, to explore society’s open secrets, unwritten rules and know-how practices. Broadly defined as ‘ways of getting things done’, these invisible yet powerful informal practices tend to escape articulation in official discourse. They include emotion-driven exchanges of gifts or favours and tributes for services, interest-driven know-how (from informal welfare to informal employment and entrepreneurship), identity-driven practices of solidarity, and power-driven forms of co-optation and control.
The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality has four parts, in two volumes, and contains over 200 entries. It is currently on a global tour.
Volume 1
The volume consists of two parts, Part 1: Redistribution (substantive ambivalence) and Part 2: Solidarity (normative ambivalence).
Part 1: Redistribution
The substantive ambivalence: relationships vs use of relationships
1 Neither gift nor commodity: the instrumentality of sociability
Introduction: economies of favours by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig
- 1.1 Blat (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva
- 1.2 Jeitinho (Brazil) by Fernanda de Paiva
- 1.3 Sociolismo (Cuba) by Matthew Cherneski
- 1.4 Compadrazgo (Chile) by Larissa Adler Lomnitz
- 1.5 Pituto (Chile) by Dana Brablec Sklenar
- 1.6 Štela (Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Čarna Brković and Karla Koutkova
- 1.7 Veza (Serbia) by Dragan Stanojevic and Dragana Stokanic
- 1.8 Vrski (Macedonia) by Justin Otten
- 1.9 Vruzki (Bulgaria) by Tanya Chavdarova
- 1.10 Natsnoboba (Georgia) by Huseyn Aliyev
- 1.11 Tanish-bilish (Uzbekistan) by Rano Turaeva
- 1.12 Guanxi (China) by Mayfair Yang
- 1.13 Inmaek/Yonjul (South Korea) by Sven Horak
- 1.14 Tapş (Azerbaijan) by Leyla Sayfutdinova
- 1.15 Agashka (Kazakhstan) by Natsuko Oka
- 1.16 Zalatwianie (Poland) by Paulina Pieprzyca
- 1.17 Vitamin B (Germany) by Ina Kubbe
- 1.18 Jinmyaku (Japan) by Sven Horak
- 1.19 Jaan-pehchaan (India) by Denise Dunlap
- 1.20 Aidagara (Japan) by Yoshimichi Sato
- 1.21 Amici, amigos (Mediterranean and Latin America) by Christian Giordano
Conclusion: managing favours in a global economy by Sheila M. Puffer and Daniel J. McCarthy
2 Neither gift nor payment: the sociability of instrumentality
Introduction: vernaculars of informality by Nicolette Makovicky and David Henig
- 2.1 Okurimono no shûkan (Japan) by Katherine Rupp
- 2.2 Songli (China) by Liang Han
- 2.3 Hongbao (China) by Lei Tan
- 2.4 L’argent du carburant (sub-Saharan Africa) by Thomas Cantens
- 2.5 Paid favours (UK) by Colin C. Williams
- 2.6 Egunje (Nigeria) by Dhikru Adewale Yagboyaju
- 2.7 Baksheesh (Middle East, North Africa and sub-continental Asia) by James McLeod-Hatch
- 2.8 Magharich’ (Armenia) by Meri Avetisyan
- 2.9 Kalym (Russia) by Jeremy Morris
- 2.10 Mita (Romanian Gabor Roma) by Péter Berta
- 2.11 Pozornost’/d’akovné/všimné (Slovakia) by Andrej Školkay
- 2.12 Biombo (Costa Rica) by Bruce M. Wilson and Evelyn Villarreal Fernández
- 2.13 Mordida (Mexico) by Claudia Baez-Camargo
- 2.14 Coima (Argentina) by Cosimo Stahl
- 2.15 Chorizo (Latin America) by Evelyn Villarreal Fernández and Bruce M. Wilson
- 2.16 Aploksne/aploksnīte (Latvia) by Iveta Kažoka and Valts Kalnins
- 2.17 Fakelaki (Greece) by Daniel M. Knight
- 2.18 Cash for access (UK) by Jonathan Webb
- 2.19 Korapsen (Papua New Guinea) by Grant W. Walton
- 2.20 Bustarella (Italy) by Simona Guerra
- 2.21 Dash (Nigeria and other West African countries) by Daniel Jordan Smith
Conclusion: ‘interested’ vs ‘disinterested’ giving: defining extortion, reciprocity and pure gifts in the connected worlds by Florence Weber
Part 2: Solidarity
The normative ambivalence of double standards: ‘us’ vs ‘them’
3 Conformity: the lock-in effect of social ties
Introduction: group identity and the ambivalence of norms by Eric Gordy
Kinship lock-in
- 3.1 Adat (Chechnya) by Nicolè M. Ford
- 3.2 Ch'ir (Chechnya and Ingushetia) by Emil Aslan Souleimanov
- 3.3 Uruuchuluk (Kyrgyzstan) by Aksana Ismailbekova
- 3.4 Rushyldyq (Kazakhstan) by Dana Minbaeva and Maral Muratbekova-Touron
- 3.5 Yongo (South Korea) by Sven Horak
- 3.6 Kumstvo (Montenegro and the Balkans) by Klavs Sedlenieks
- 3.7 Azganvan popokhutyun (Armenian diaspora in Georgia) by Anri Grigorian
- 3.8 Wantoks and kastom (Solomon Islands, Melanesia) by Gordon Leua Nanau
- 3.9 Bapakism (Indonesia) by Dodi W. Irawanto
Closed community lock-in
- 3.10 Krugovaia poruka (Russia and Europe) by Geoffrey Hosking
- 3.11 Janteloven/Jantelagen (Scandinavia) by Morten Jakobsen
- 3.12 Hyvä Veli (Finland) by Besnik Shala
- 3.13 Old boy network (UK) by Philip Kirby
- 3.14 Klüngel (Germany) by Lea Gernemann
- 3.15 Vetterliwirtschaft/Copinage (Switzerland) by Lucy Koechlin
- 3.16 Tal (alt. taljenje, taliti, utaliti, rastaliti) (Serbia and countries of former Yugoslavia) by Danko Runić
- 3.17 Mateship (Australia) by Bob Pease
Semi-closed lock-in
- 3.18 Sitwa (Poland) by Piotr Koryś and Maciej Tymiński
- 3.19 Barone universitario (Italy) by Simona Guerra
- 3.20 Keiretsu (Japan) by Katsuki Aoki
- 3.21 Kanonieri qurdebi (Georgia) by Alexander Kupatadze
- 3.22 Silovye Gruppirovki (Bulgaria) by Igor Mitchnik
- 3.23 Omertà (Italy) by Anna Sergi
- 3.24 Nash chelovek (Russia) by Åse Berit Grødeland and Leslie Holmes
Modern and youth solidarities
- 3.25 Birzha (Georgia) by Costanza Curro
- 3.26 Dizelaši (Serbia) by Elena G. Stadnichenko
- 3.27 Normalnye patsany (Russia) by Svetlana Stephenson
- 3.28 Futbolna frakcia (Bulgaria) by Kremena Iordanova
Conclusion: organic solidarity and informality – two irreconcilable concepts? by Christian Giordano
4 The unlocking power of non-conformity: cultural resistance vs political opposition
Introduction: the grey zones between cultural and political by Peter Zusi
- 4.1 Artistic repossession (general) by Christina Ezrahi
- 4.2 Magnetizdat (Russia) by James Taylor
- 4.3 Roentgenizdat (Russia) by James Taylor 346
- 4.4 Samizdat (USSR) by Jillian Forsyth
- 4.5 Materit’sya (Russia) by Anastasia Shekshnya
- 4.6 Padonki language (Russia) by Larisa Morkoborodova
- 4.7 Verlan (France) by Rebecca Stewart
- 4.8 Avos’ (Russia) by Caroline Humphrey
- 4.9 Graffiti (general) by Milena Ciric
- 4.10 Hacktivism (general) by Alex Gekker
Conclusion: ambiguities of accommodation, resistance and rebellion by Jan Kubik
Concluding remarks to Volume 1: what is old and what is new in the dialectics of ‘us’ and ‘them’? by Zygmunt Bauman
Glossary
Index
Volume 2
The volume consists of two parts, Part 3: Market (functional ambivalence) and Part 4: Domination (motivational ambivalence).
Part 3: Market
The functional ambivalence of informal strategies: supportive or subversive?
5 The system made me do it: strategies of survival
Introduction: the puzzles of informal economy by Colin Marx
Informal dwelling
- 5.1 Squatting by Jovana Dikovic
- 5.2 Schwarzwohnen (GDR) by Udo Grashoff
- 5.3 Kraken (The Netherlands) by Hans Pruijt
- 5.4 Allegados (Chile) by Ignacia Ossul
- 5.5 Favela (Brazil) by Marta-Laura Suska
- 5.6 Campamento (Chile) by Armando Caroca Fernandez
- 5.7 Mukhayyam (occupied Palestinian territories and neighbouring Arab countries) by Lorenzo Navone and Federico Rahola
- 5.8 Dacha (Russia) by Stephen Lovell
Informal welfare
- 5.9 Pabirčiti (or pabirčenje) (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) by Jovana Dikovic
- 5.10 Skipping (general) by Giovanna Capponi
- 5.11 Caffè sospeso (Italy) by Paolo Mancini
- 5.12 Gap (Uzbekistan) by Timur Alexandrov
- 5.13 Pomochi (Russia) by Irina V. Davydova
- 5.14 Nachbarschaftshilfe (Germany and German-speaking countries) by Roland Arbesleitner
- 5.15 Sosyudad (Philippines) by Ramon Felipe A. Sarmiento
- 5.16 Vay mượn (Vietnam) by Abel Polese
- 5.17 Loteria / Lloteria (Albania) by Drini Imami, Abel Polese and Klodjan Rama
- 5.18 Esusu (Nigeria) by Evans Osabuohien and Oluyomi Ola-David
- 5.19 Mahalla (Uzbekistan) by Rustamjon Urinboyev
- 5.20 Tandas and cundinas (Mexico and south-western USA) by Carlos G. Vélez-Ibáñez
- 5.21 Salam credit (Afghanistan) by James McLeod-Hatch
- 5.22 Obshchak (Russia) by Gavin Slade 80
Informal entrepreneurship
- 5.23 Zarobitchanstvo (Ukraine) by Alissa Tolstokorova
- 5.24 Rad na crno (Serbia) by Kosovka Ognjenović
- 5.25 Small-scale smuggling (general) by Bettina Bruns
- 5.26 Chelnoki (Russia and FSU) by Anna Cieślewska
- 5.27 Spaza shops (South Africa) by Vanya Gastrow
- 5.28 Shebeens (South Africa) by Nicolette Peters
- 5.29 Samogonovarenie (Russia) by Mark Lawrence Schrad
- 5.30 Buôn có bạn, bán có phường (Vietnam) by Abel Polese
- 5.31 Chợ cóc (Socialist Republic of Vietnam) by Gertrud Hüwelmeier
- 5.32 Rod-re (Thailand) by Kisnaphol Wattanawanyoo 114
- 5.33 Boda-boda taxis (Uganda) by Tom Goodfellow
- 5.34 Stoyanshiki (Georgia) by Lela Rekhviashvili
- 5.35 Baraholka (Kazakhstan) by Dena Sholk
- 5.36 Budženje (Serbia) by Marko Zivković
- 5.37 Jugaad (India) by Shahana Chattaraj
- 5.38 Jangmadang (North Korea) by Sokeel Park and James Pearson
- 5.39 Informal mining (general) by Alvin A. Camba
- 5.40 Hawala (Middle East, India and Pakistan) by Nauman Farooqi
- 5.41 Bitcoin (general) by Jean-Philippe Vergne and Gautam Swain 1
Conclusion: how do tools of evasion become instruments of exploitation? by Scott Radnitz
6 Gaming the system: strategies of camouflage
Introduction: gaming the system by Philip Hanson
Free-riding (staying under or over the radar)
- 6.1 Cash in hand (general) by Colin C. Williams
- 6.2 Blat (Romania) by Marius Wamsiedel
- 6.3 Švercovanje (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro) by Ivana Spasić
- 6.4 Deryban (Ukraine, Russia) by Olga Kesarchuk
- 6.5 Fimi Media (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović
- 6.6 Tangentopoli (Italy) by Liliana Onorato
Intermediation (partial compliance with the rules by creating invisibility)
- 6.7 Brokerage (general) by David Jancsics
- 6.8 Wāsṭa (Middle East, North Africa) by James Redman
- 6.9 Dalali (India) by Nicolas Martin
- 6.10 Torpil (Turkey) by Onur Yay
- 6.11 Gestión (Mexico) by Tina Hilgers
- 6.12 Pulling strings (UK/USA) by Peter B. Smith
- 6.13 Kombinacja (Poland) (alt. kombinacya, kombinowanie, kombinować) by Edyta Materka
- 6.14 S vrutka (Bulgaria) by Lora Koycheva
- 6.15 Raccomandazione (Italy) by Dorothy L. Zinn
- 6.16 Insider trading (USA/general) by Ilja Viktorov
- 6.17 Externe Personen (Germany) by Andreas Maisch
- 6.18 Pantouflage (France) by Frédérique Alexandre-Bailly and Maral Muratbekova-Touron
- 6.19 Stróman (Hungary) by David Jancsics
- 6.20 Benāmi (India) by Kalindi Kokal
- 6.21 No entry (India) by Nikhilesh Sinha and Indivar Jonnalagadda
- 6.22 Repetitorstvo (Russia and FSU) by Eduard Klein
- 6.23 Krysha (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) by Yulia Zabyelina and Anna Buzhor
Creating façades (partial compliance with the rules by visible camouflage)
- 6.24 Window dressing (general) by David Leung
- 6.25 Pripiski (Russia) by Mark Harrison
- 6.26 Kupona (Kosovo) by Arianit Tolaj
- 6.27 Alga aploksnē (Latvia) by Klāvs Sedlenieks
- 6.28 Vzaimozachety (Russia) by Caroline Dufy
- 6.29 Otkat (Russia) by Alexandra Vasileva
- 6.30 Potemkin villages (Russia) by Jessica T. Pisano
- 6.31 Astroturfing (USA/UK) by Anna Bailey and Sergei Samoilenko
- 6.32 Dzhinsa (Russia) by Françoise Daucé
- 6.33 Shpargalka (Russia) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt
- 6.34 Pyramid schemes (general) by Leonie Schiffauer
Playing the letter of the rules against their spirit
- 6.35 Flipping (UK) by Jonathan Webb
- 6.36 Reiderstvo (Russia and FSU) by Michael Mesquita
- 6.37 Zakaznoe bankrotstvo (Russia) by Yuko Adachi
- 6.38 Dangou/Dango (Japan) by Shuwei Qian
- 6.39 Vzyatkoemkost’ (Russia) by Christian Timm
Conclusion: methods of researching part-time crime and illicit economic activity by Gerald Mars
Part 4: Domination
The motivational ambivalence: the blurring of the public and the private in the workings of informal power
7 Co-optation: recruiting clients and patrons
Introduction: carrots versus sticks in patron–client networks by Paul M. Heywood
- 7.1 Kormlenie (Russia) by Sergei Bogatyrev
- 7.2 Kula (Tanzania) by Richard Faustine Sambaiga
- 7.3 Old corruption (UK historical) by William Rubinstein
- 7.4 Political machineries (USA historical) by Fran Osrecki
- 7.5 Seilschaft (Germany) by Dieter Zinnbauer
- 7.6 Parteibuchwirtschaft (Austria and Germany) by Roland Arbesleitner
- 7.7 Tazkia (Iraqi Kurdistan) by Hemn Namiq Jameel
- 7.8 Uhljeb (Croatia) by Ružica Šimić Banović
- 7.9 Trafika (Czech Republic) by Alzbeta Semsch
- 7.10 Padrino system/balimbing (Philippines) by Pak Nung Wong and Kristine A. Joyce Lara-de-Leon
- 7.11 Mafia Raj/Goonda Raj (India/South Asia) by Lucia Michelutti
- 7.12 Pork barreling (USA) by Andrew H. Sidman
- 7.13 Tamozhenniye l’goty (Russia) by Anna Bailey
- 7.14 Kumoterstwo and kolesiostwo (Poland) by Piotr Koryś and Maciej Tymiński
- 7.15 Quàn jiǔ (China) by Nan Zhao
- 7.16 Sadghegrdzelo (Georgia) by Florian Müehlfried
- 7.17 Goudui and Yingchou (China) by John Osburg
Conclusion: do patron–client relationships affect complex societies? by Elena Semenova
8 Control: instruments of informal governance
Introduction: politics of fear by Vladimir Gelman
- 8.1 Brodiazhnichestvo (Russia) by Sheila Fitzpatrick with Sheelagh Barron
- 8.2 Songbun (North Korea) by James Pearson and Daniel Tudor
- 8.3 Dirt book (UK) by Anna Bailey
- 8.4 Kompromat (Russia) by Michael Mesquita
- 8.5 Chernukha (Russia) by Ilya Yablokov and Nadezhda Dreval
- 8.6 Character assassination (general) by Sergei Samoilenko, Eric Shiraev, Jennifer Keohane and Martijn Icks
- 8.7 Psikhushka (USSR) by Robert van Voren
- 8.8 Psikhushka (Russia) by Madeline Roache
- 8.9 Zersetzung (GDR) by Udo Grashoff
- 8.10 Smotryashchie, kuratory (Russia, Ukraine) by Andrew Wilson
- 8.11 Telefonnoe pravo (Russia) by Alena Ledeneva with Ružica Šimić Banović and Costanza Curro
- 8.12 Tsartsaani nüüdel (Mongolia) by Liz Fox
- 8.13 Vertical crowdsourcing (Russia) by Gregory Asmolov
- 8.14 Cyberattacks by semi-state actors (general) by Alistair Faulkner
- 8.15 Khokkeynaya diplomatiya (Russia) by Yoshiko M. Herrera and Yuval Weber
Conclusion: when do informal practices turn into informal institutions? Informal constitutions and informal ‘meta-rules’ by Scott Newton
Concluding remarks to Volume 2: are some countries more informal than others? The case of Russia by Svetlana Baruskova and Alena Ledeneva
Index
About the FRINGE Centre for the Study of Social and Cultural Complexity
The FRINGE Centre explores the roles that complexity, ambivalence and immeasurability play in social and cultural phenomena. A cross-disciplinary initiative bringing together scholars from the humanities and social sciences, FRINGE examines how seemingly opposed notions such as centrality and marginality, and clarity and ambiguity, can shift and converge when embedded in everyday practices. Our interest lies in the hidden complexity of all embedded practices, taken-for-granted and otherwise invisible subjects. Illuminating the 'fringe' thus puts the 'centre' in a new light.
The FRINGE Centre publishes the FRINGE series with UCL Press.