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asymmetrically contoured mainstream social arrangement. In the ''sosyudad'', ''communitas'' is | asymmetrically contoured mainstream social arrangement. In the ''sosyudad'', ''communitas'' is | ||
generated through the reversal of the norms of status quo, which allows practitioners a respite | generated through the reversal of the norms of status quo, which allows practitioners a respite | ||
from hegemonic social structures. Thus, to be able to sustain active participation in the ''sosyudad'', | from hegemonic social structures. | ||
Thus, to be able to sustain active participation in the ''sosyudad'', | |||
a member must cultivate the practical competency involved in conjuring up the ''communitas''-like | a member must cultivate the practical competency involved in conjuring up the ''communitas''-like | ||
state during sessions. But in spite of being a practice of reversal and resistance, the ''sosyudad'' | state during sessions. But in spite of being a practice of reversal and resistance, the ''sosyudad'' | ||
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exchange circles of farmers called ''cumbinyu'' (from the Spanish ''convenio'' meaning ‘conference’) | exchange circles of farmers called ''cumbinyu'' (from the Spanish ''convenio'' meaning ‘conference’) | ||
that had decided to extend their regular congregations beyond the working seasons in the fields | that had decided to extend their regular congregations beyond the working seasons in the fields | ||
through weekly drinking sessions. Labour-exchange arrangements were popular in agricultural | through weekly drinking sessions. | ||
Labour-exchange arrangements were popular in agricultural | |||
Philippines until recently, specifically in small-scale cultivation, and practiced along various | Philippines until recently, specifically in small-scale cultivation, and practiced along various | ||
aspects of farming such as clearing of land, planting, irrigation, and harvesting. They were | aspects of farming such as clearing of land, planting, irrigation, and harvesting. They were | ||
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and Zialcita 1981<ref>Zialcita, F. N. 1981. ‘Kinsmen and Voluntary Associations in Two Iocano Communities,’ | and Zialcita 1981<ref>Zialcita, F. N. 1981. ‘Kinsmen and Voluntary Associations in Two Iocano Communities,’ | ||
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, in Anthropology: University of Hawaii.</ref>). Other informal cooperative systems were also popular all over Philippine | Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, in Anthropology: University of Hawaii.</ref>). Other informal cooperative systems were also popular all over Philippine | ||
rural society, some of them still being practiced today. For example, the ''atag'' in Catanduanes is a | rural society, some of them still being practiced today. | ||
For example, the ''atag'' in Catanduanes is a | |||
mobilisation of voluntary labour for community purposes such as church-building or clean-up | mobilisation of voluntary labour for community purposes such as church-building or clean-up | ||
campaigns. Neighbours in Virac may be summoned for a ''duksoy'', a day of free labour to assist | campaigns. Neighbours in Virac may be summoned for a ''duksoy'', a day of free labour to assist | ||
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Involvement in Representative Democracies. London: Routledge pp. 1-14.</ref>. Purportedly, they are virtual training grounds for participation in the larger polity; | Involvement in Representative Democracies. London: Routledge pp. 1-14.</ref>. Purportedly, they are virtual training grounds for participation in the larger polity; | ||
the greater such civil society translates into more vibrant democratic governance. Can this be | the greater such civil society translates into more vibrant democratic governance. Can this be | ||
said of the ''sosyudad''? The impact of the ''sosyudad'' on the broad scheme of Catandunganon | said of the ''sosyudad''? | ||
The impact of the ''sosyudad'' on the broad scheme of Catandunganon | |||
society, even as a form of reversal and resistance, is at best ambivalent. It represents the limited | society, even as a form of reversal and resistance, is at best ambivalent. It represents the limited | ||
small-scale sort of civil society, that while being a practice of egalitarian relations, hardly makes | small-scale sort of civil society, that while being a practice of egalitarian relations, hardly makes | ||