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  ==Debate on ''The Russian Private Sector'' organised by the Harriman Institute== ...at this [https://harriman.columbia.edu/event/virtual-event-russian-private-sector-today-challenges-and-prospects-post-pandemic-world link] via the YouTube vi
  7 KB (869 words) - 11:23, 27 April 2024
• Mertvye Dushi (Russian Federation, 1991- onwards)
  ...r a licence or to qualify as a non-commercial organisation. In the private sector, ''mertvye dushi'' are not usually entitled to any salary or other material ...s but also the strict hierarchy and non-transparency of the Russian public sector in order to execute their fraud. Enjoying almost full control over a public
  12 KB (1,686 words) - 19:17, 25 November 2022
• Externe Personen (Germany)
  | definition =Private sector individuals working in the German civil service ...y: Public service| Public service]] – [[:Category: Private sector| Private sector]] – [[:Category: Civil servants| Civil servants]] – [[:Category: Lobbyi
  12 KB (1,631 words) - 12:04, 12 May 2020
• Amakudari (Japan)
  ...ition = Appointing retired senior civil servants to executive positions in private companies ...l service since the number of employees and the labour cost budget in this sector are both fixed.
  12 KB (1,618 words) - 12:51, 26 July 2019
• Vay mượn (Vietnam)
  enable the banks to loan money to private borrowers. allowing competition between the state and the private sector in non-strategic sectors of the
  8 KB (1,265 words) - 21:29, 17 May 2019
• Pantouflage, corpsards (France)
  ...l service position, typically on secondment, to obtain work in the private sector ...l servants opt for ''pantouflage'': the wage differential with the private sector; the attractiveness of new experiences in business where they can actually
  14 KB (2,004 words) - 15:11, 11 June 2019
• Chanchullo (Central America)
  ...sed to refer to the government cheating its constituents to benefit either private companies or government employees. ...r both the public and private. An example of ''chanchullo'' in the private sector is a recent scandal of collusion to artificially maintain high fuel prices
  11 KB (1,435 words) - 14:32, 14 September 2020
• Biombo (Costa Rica)
  ...care system. According to an official report on the Costa Rican healthcare sector finance, patients have increasingly used ''biombos'' medicos as a response ...s might be obliged to pay for several private consultations and tests at a private clinic before they can undergo a major procedure at a public hospital.
  8 KB (1,199 words) - 14:00, 30 April 2020
• Jangmadang (North Korea)
  Before the famine of the Nineties drove people to private trade, the state presided over one of the most tightly organised command ec ...2015: 16<ref>Tudor, D. and Pearson, J. 2015. '' North Korea Confidential: Private Markets, Fashion Trends, Prison Camps, Dissenters and Defectors. '' Rutla
  10 KB (1,534 words) - 13:43, 22 May 2019
• Repetitorstvo (Russia and FSU)
  | definition =Supplementary private tutoring ...sian ''repietytarstva''; Polish ''korepetycje'') to describe supplementary private tutoring. The origin of the word is the Latin ''repetere'', which stems fro
  13 KB (1,811 words) - 13:41, 23 May 2019
• Uhljeb (Croatia)
  |style="font-size:1.1em;"| An ''uhljeb'' is a person who has become a public sector employee through a nepotistic relationship or political party affiliation, ...ts, sub-departments, associate and advisory positions and the like. Public sector jobs in such areas as the education and health systems are also sometimes v
  15 KB (2,083 words) - 11:59, 7 February 2020
• Silovi Grupirovki (Bulgaria)
  ...ziska Klopfer and Nelleke van Amstel (eds.), A Force for Good? Mapping the private security landscape in Southeast Europe. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democ ...9 left immense resources, which had to be transformed from state assets to private property (Bulanova 2008: 57<ref>Bulanova, G. 2008. ‘From Sofia to Brussel
  18 KB (2,465 words) - 15:00, 11 January 2023
• Rad na crno (Serbia)
  ...the elderly), street vending, the sale of goods on green or flea markets, private tutoring, small repairs and other forms of moonlighting<ref>Alter Chen, M. ...concept comprises informal jobs in formal sector enterprises, in informal sector enterprises, or in households. Research on rad na crno is usually based on
  14 KB (1,981 words) - 16:20, 17 May 2019
• Lidhjet (Kosovo)
  ...rimarily concern public institutions, but they also stretch to the private sector. Circumventing formal rules to enable things get done for a selected few, t ...as well as to securing employment opportunities, especially in the public sector. Even where ''lidhjet'' are temporal and aim at a particular need at presen
  9 KB (1,246 words) - 15:33, 24 May 2022
• Vrski (Macedonia)
  ...o provide services, the state has opened up opportunities to the owners of private enterprises, who are made aware of these opportunities through their networ ...rtnership. ''Vrski'' thus combines with the interaction between public and private sectors to facilitate such kickbacks.
  10 KB (1,510 words) - 15:46, 17 May 2019
• Kula (Tanzania)
  someone is appointed to a position in the public or private sector that allows easy access Informal governance and public/private crossover in Mexico, Russia and Tanzania.’ Paper
  10 KB (1,408 words) - 14:04, 17 May 2019
• Hálapénz, paraszolvencia (Hungary)
  ...lapénz'' and ''paraszolvencia'' uniquely describe gratuities in the health sector. The Code of Ethics of the Hungarian Medical Chamber (2012) defines the pra ...s.hu/Kornai2000-Hidden-in-an-envelope.pdf</ref>. With the disappearance of private surgeries during the communist era, ''paraszolvencia'' came to refer to gif
  11 KB (1,662 words) - 15:27, 29 June 2020
• Klüngel (Germany)
  ...in recent history, the 1999 Cologne donation scandal, it was revealed that private contractors had paid millions of Deutschmarks in bribes to city officials i ...he word is often associated in everyday usage stems from the potential for private networks to divert resources from the common good through the subversion of
  10 KB (1,422 words) - 15:24, 29 June 2020
• Tenderpreneur (South Africa)
  ...e advancement of black entrepreneurs who entered into the private business sector on a legitimate basis under the framework of state policies to enable the a ...tright suppliers, who would otherwise struggle to compete within a private sector dominated by established white owned businesses. Key policies to advance th
  16 KB (2,150 words) - 14:07, 30 April 2020
• Mzungu price (Kenya)
  ...cquiring a license so their activities often remain a part of the informal sector (Racaud 2017). In major African cities, street trade is an important source ...uent attempts by the local authorities to limit the growth of the informal sector (Pohl 2002). Police actions are rarely effective as compliance from citizen
  12 KB (1,576 words) - 13:37, 18 June 2020

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