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| This page contains information on informality-related projects, organised by the contributors to the Encyclopaedia, to foster collaboration among the authors. | | This page contains information on open calls for informality-related projects, organised by the contributors to the Encyclopaedia, to foster collaboration among the authors. |
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| ==Political vs Everyday Forms of Governance in Uzbekistan==
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| Rustamjon Urinboyev, Abel Polese, Mans Svensson, Laura Adams and Tanel Kerikmäe have published an article entitled 'Political vs Everyday Forms of Governance in Uzbekistan: the Illegal, Immoral and Illegitimate' in the journal ''Studies of Transition States and Societies'' (2018, 10(1), pp.50-64). The article is available [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326125995_Political_vs_Everyday_Forms_of_Governance_in_Uzbekistan_the_Illegal_Immoral_and_Illegitimate_Politics_and_Legitimacy_in_Post-Soviet_Eurasia here].
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| ==Call for chapters: Mobilities and informality in former socialist spaces==
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| '''Mobilities and informality in former socialist spaces (to be published with Palgrave – end 2019 or early 2020)'''
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| '''Editors:'''
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| *Abel Polese, Dublin City University and Tallinn University
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| *Rano Turaeva, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
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| *Rustamjon Urinbayev, Lund University
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| We are preparing an edited volume to be published in the Palgrave - International Political Economy series (series editor Timothy Shaw, University of Boston). This call is part of a multi-annual project that started with a workshop on migration and informality (March 27-28 2018, Lund University) and will continue with a conference possibly in summer 2019. With this book we are also gathering expressions for follow-up initiatives. If interested send an abstract by 30 June 2018 to [mailto:mobilities_informality2018@gmx.de mobilities_informality2018@gmx.de].
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| '''Rationale'''
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| Traditionally seen as “exporting” migrants to Western Europe and North America, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, along with the former USSR ones, have recently become important mobility hubs. We start with an understanding of mobility that includes migratory processes to and from these countries. However, and this is the reason we prefer “mobility” to “migration”, we intend to take into account processes that go beyond migratory flows and include, inter alia, consequences of increased mobility for business activities (when mobility of capitals, people, services or items generates revenues, without necessarily resulting from temporary or permanent migrations), or seeking healthcare or other services in places other than your hometown.
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| We believe that a large share of mobility-related activities generates informality, here defined as activities that happen outside the controlling, or coercing, presence of one or more states, or their institutions. There is a good body of literature dealing with migration, mostly from the region. This volume is, in our view, a way to complement existing literature in at least two ways.
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| '''More information'''
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| First, initial trends tended to see the region as strategic for outsourcing. However, the improvement of the economic conditions, along with the recent refugee crisis has added a second category of migrants to the region. This has meant that, in addition to the skilled workers, the region has also witnessed an increasing amount of immigration from people with either low qualifications, no legal right to work or stay or simply missing the skills to quickly integrate into local job markets. The issue of legality is only a marginal one. Indeed, the International Organisation for Migrations warns that only 10% of the migrants worldwide are formally illegal, leading us to think that the most important barriers to socio-economic and legal integration are not formal but informal. In this respect, a number of studies have pinpointed at the contrast between the – de jure - existence of norms to deal with migrants against a de facto (partial or total) state incapacity to deal with migration flows and integration of foreign citizens in a number of cases.
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| Second, in addition to movements of people, the diverse degrees of development across the region (or even within a single country) has generated novel challenges and opportunities. In this respect, mobility can be considered from a number of perspectives, in terms of geographical destinations and workforce demand. Conflicts driven refugee crisis, labour migration, brain-drain and tourism are a few of the forms mobility may take. However, these phenomena are often met by ineffective or incomplete regulations that bring legal and civil codes and rules to be replaced or complemented by other rules and institutions which are practice based and informal (Polese 2016, Turaeva 2014, 2015; Urinboyev and Polese 2016, Williams 2015). In spite of a growing awareness of these issues the body of scholarship dealing with the relationship between mobility and informality, with special reference to the post-socialist region, has remained under-researched.
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| We thus welcome contributions that can:
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| 1. Provide further empirical evidence on the existence, performance and persistence of informal practices. In particular, we are interested in what informal practices are boosted by the new opportunities provided by increased mobility at the country, region and global level
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| 2. Explore the relationship between mobility patterns and informal practices to consolidate a sub-field of informality studies and contribute to a broader understanding of informal practices in Eastern Europe and the former USSR
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| '''Topics examined may include (the list is non-exhaustive):'''
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| *economy and employment, including informal labour and migration-related practices
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| *business practices and how they are affected by increased mobility
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| *religious practices (informal Mosques, religious healing, religious service)
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| *legal issues (documentation, border crossing)
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| *medical service and provision (informal health care and clinics)
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| *child care and education (informal and home schooling)
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| *second generation migrants and social, economic or cultural integration issues
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| </div>
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| </div>
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| ==CFP: Informal networks ‒ The dark and the bright side of managing informally== | | ==CFP: Informal networks ‒ The dark and the bright side of managing informally== |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| == Forthcoming: Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management ==
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| [[File:Handbook_of_character_assassination.png|thumb|December 2018, 224pp, HB: 978-1-138-55658-4, eBook: 978-1-315-15017-8|200px]]
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| [[Character assassination]] is a timeless, cross-cultural phenomenon that reveals itself in a variety of forms and methods typical for every cultural, political, and technological epoch. This Handbook provides the first introduction to and a comprehensive overview of the key themes involved in the study of character assassination and reputation management. Divided into five substantive sections, the editors and contributors to this volume have gathered cases and scientific insights to track many common characteristics of character assassination, including the motives, strategies, and methods of character assassination practices throughout history.
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| '''Edited by:''' Sergei A. Samoilenko, Martijn Icks, Jennifer Keohane, and Eric Shiraev
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| '''Contributors:''' Neofytos Aspriadis; William Benoit; Olga Bogolyubova; Simon Burrows; Josh Compton; Timothy Coombs; Scott Dixon; Ekaterina Egorova; Elizaveta Egorova; Stephen Farnsworth; Chris Gilbert; Edwina Hagen; Sherry Holladay; Martijn Icks; Chris Ingraham; Jennifer Keohane; Martina Klicperova-Baker; Kyriakos Kolovos; Florian Krüpe; Marlene Laruelle; S. Robert Lichter; Olga Makhovskaya; Maureen Minielli; Niki Papagianni; Joshua Reeves; Alamira Samah Saleh; Athanassios N. Samaras; Sergei A. Samoilenko; Casey Schmitt; Jens Seiffert-Brockmann; Eric Shiraev; Greg Simons; Emmanοuil Takas; Anita Traninger; and Stijn van Kessel
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| The handbook’s promotion has been [https://www.iwp.edu/events/detail/perspectives-on-character-assassination officially launched] on 13 April 2018 at the Institute of World Politics in Washington DC.
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| See the CARP Research Lab's [https://carplab.wordpress.com/blog blog] for more information on character assassination.
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| ==CFP: Informal institutions and international business== | | ==CFP: Informal institutions and international business== |
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| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| == Upcoming Special Issue Project “Transnationalizing Clientelism”==
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| '''Transnationalizing Clientelism'''
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| Edited by Tina Hilgers, Jana Hönke and Markus-Michael Müller
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| '''Introduction'''
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| This special issue project on “Transnationalizing Clientelism” addresses two significant gaps in the literature on clientelism: one regarding levels of analysis and the other regarding normative assumptions. Since the post World War II years, clientelism has been a key tool for analyzing political, economic, and social arrangements at local and national levels in the Global South, where state presence is not consolidated across national territories. Yet, despite the impact of transnational influences on the Global South – from the colonial to the present era – the role of transnational actors and their resources in clientelism has not been examined. At the same time, the recent literature overwhelmingly assumes clientelism to have a negative impact on affected actors and institutions, despite traditional theoretical positions and contemporary ethnographic evidence of the contrary. We argue that clientelism facilitates the entry of transnational initiatives and organizations to areas of limited statehood; that transnational actors influence the quality of clientelistic relations; and, as a result, that the effect of such relations is much more complex than negative assumptions acknowledge.
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| For decades, clientelism has been a central topic in debates on political development and governance in areas of limited statehood, that is, in contexts where governments are unwilling or unable to exercise authority throughout their territory. An earlier generation of scholars addressed patron-clientelism as a “lop-sided friendship” (Pitt-Rivers 1954: 140) between actors with unequal resource endowments, analyzing it as a neutral, if not positive, form of resource allocation; an important functional equivalent to absent or inefficient state institutions; and an effective mechanism for creating social cohesion (e.g. Schmidt et al. 1977). The contemporary literature, however, considers clientelism as a problem for democratic consolidation, citizenship, the effectiveness of state institutions, and the provision of collective goods, and as an indicator of the persistence of authoritarian political structures (e.g. van de Walle 2003, Kitschelt and Wilkinson 2007, Stokes et al. 2013). This literature neglects previous insights regarding the functional equivalence of clientelistic practices and structures in areas of limited statehood.
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| '''More information'''
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| At the same time, a shortcoming of both traditional and contemporary debates on the topic consists of the exclusive focus on national/subnational levels of analysis, neglecting the transnational. Thus, the role of external actors, the availability of external resources (money, knowledge, discourses) and transnational power relations in shaping, (re)producing and transforming clientelistic relations in areas of limited statehood has been neglected. Traditional studies are marked by a strong “methodological nationalism” despite the fact that the contexts (e.g. Java for Geertz 1960 and Mexico for Wolf 1956) had a deep historical experience with transnational forms of political relations due to their colonial past. From the 1980s onwards, following the rise of “transitology thinking” in political science, clientelism became increasingly analytically entangled with questions of the quality of democracy, elections, and citizenship (e.g. Fox 1994, Stokes 2005), again focusing on domestic actors and institutions. Today, despite a multitude of new studies on the phenomenon (e.g. Szwarcberg 2012, Stokes et al. 2013, Montambeault 2015, Hirvi and Whitfield 2015, Holland 2017, Hilgers and Macdonald 2017, Ledeneva 2018), the links between clientelism and the contemporary context of transnational flows of technology, knowledge, finance, and power have still not been made explicit.
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| However, most places that have been studied by scholars working on clientelism are deeply integrated in transnational relations of all kinds, including economic and migration processes, NGOs, development projects, security cooperation, norm diffusion, traveling “governance experts” (Dezalay and Garth 2011), and so forth. Indeed, the analytical neglect of clientelism’s transnational dimension is striking, considering that approximately 80% of the world’s population lives in areas of limited statehood (Risse 2011), where states engage in fluid co-governance with domestic and foreign actors. As a result, important questions of whether and how local clientelistic relations shape external actors, as well as whether and how clientelism extends into transnational governance structures, have not been addressed (see Hönke and Müller 2018; for exceptions see Cooley and Heathershaw 2017, Hönke 2018).
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| If most territories across the Global South are marked by uncertain sovereignty, several questions arise that call for reassessing conventional perspectives on clientelism:
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| * How do transnational actors wanting to establish themselves in areas of limited statehood manage to gain access through clientelistic relations?
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| * Once they are established, what impact do they have on clientelistic practices?
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| * How do clientelistic practices feed back into the workings of transnational governance and how are actors and institutions that set and implement transnational governance agendas themselves shaped by clientelistic practices?
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| The contributors to this project address these questions, offering fresh perspectives on the role of transnational forces in shaping and being shaped by clientelistic practices. Overall, the contributions demonstrate that the success of external actors – be they legal enterprises, extractive industries, security operations, and NGOs, or criminal organizations – in breaking into the markets, territories and governance structures of the Global South depends on clientelism. Moreover, they highlight that clientelism feeds into the workings and dynamics of transnational actors, for instance through the incorporation or creation of the informal networks of local partners. Thus, in showcasing the transnational dimension of clientelism in our contemporary world, the special issue expands the literature on clientelism to account for both the impact of transnational actors on the transformation of the “local” on the one hand, and the “studying up” of clientelism as a force determining transnational relations in areas of limited statehood, on the other.
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| In order to unpack these connections, the contributions to this project draw on the findings of empirical research from cases around the globe and engage with the analytical framework outlined in the guest editors’ introduction (Hilgers, Hönke, and Müller, based on this proposal). They zoom in on key issue areas that are paradigmatic examples of deep and often co-constitutive interrelations between clientelism and transnational forces in our contemporary world. The cases range from security and military practices in Latin America and Africa; to transnational money laundering circuits in Central Asia and the tolerance of foreign corruption by Western banks; to transnational NGOs working in Russia; and the activities of transnational extractive industries in the Americas.
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| Together, the case studies generate a new research program. They enrich our understanding of the connections between transnational forces and clientelism through a variety of theoretical perspectives, analytical choices, and methodological approaches. This variety provides the elements for a comparative reading permitting us to observe commonalties and differences in the entanglements between clientelism and transnationalism depending on the specific sites in which these unfold as well as on the actors and practices involved. The resulting insights produce a research program for analyzing and explaining the dynamic causes and consequences of transnational clientelism that offers important insights to the constitutive role of clientelism in shaping contemporary transnational governance.
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| The special issue project builds on a set of papers presented at an international authors’ workshop at the Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 700 “Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood” at Freie Universität Berlin in June 2015; as well as on two roundtables at the Latin American Studies Association’s annual meetings in 2016 (New York) and 2017 (Lima). To increase the coherence of the special issue, each contribution addresses four questions:
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| * What is the connection between transnational forces and clientelism in the context of your article?
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| * How does your argument contribute to the study of the entanglements between clientelism and transnational relations?
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| * How does your contribution approach the connection between clientelism and transnationalism from a novel theoretical and/or methodological perspective?
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| * What is relevant/specific about your context for addressing these questions?
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| </div>
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| </div>
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| '''References'''
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| Carney, C. P. (1989) “International Patron-client Relationships: A Conceptual Framework.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 24(2): 42-55.
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| Cooley, A. and Heathershaw J. (2017) Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. Yale University Press.
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| Dezalay, Y. and Garth, B. G. (2011) “Hegemonic Battles, Professional Rivalries, and the International Division of Labor in the Market for the Import and Export of State- Governing Expertise.” International Political Sociology, 5(3): 276–293.
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| Fox, J. (1994) “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico.” World Politics, 46(2): 151-184.
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| Geertz, C. (1960) “The Javanese Kijaji: The Changing Role of a Cultural Broker.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2(2): 228– 249.
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| Hilgers, T. and Macdonald, L. (eds.) (2017) Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Subnational Structures, Institutions, and Clientelistic Networks. Cambridge University Press.
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| Hirvi, M. and Whitfield, L. (2015) “Public‐Service Provision in Clientelist Political Settlements: Lessons from Ghana’s Urban Water Sector.” Development Policy Review 33(2): 135–58.
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| Holland, A. C. (2014). Forbearance as Redistribution: Enforcement Politics in Urban Latin America. Harvard University.
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| Hönke, J. (2018) “Transnational Clientelism, Global (Resource) Governance and the Disciplining of Dissent.” International Political Sociology.
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| Hönke, J., and Müller, M.M. (2018) “Brokerage, Intermediation, Translation,” in Risse, Thomas, Tanja A. Börzel and Anke Draude (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Governance and Limited Statehood. Oxford University Press.
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| Kitschelt, H. and Wilkinson, S.I. (eds.) (2007) Patrons, clients and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. Cambridge University Press.
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| Ledeneva, A. (2018) The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality (2 vols.). UCL Press.
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| Montambeault, F. (2015) The Politics of Local Participatory Democracy in Latin America. Stanford University Press.
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| Pitt-Rivers, J. (1954) The People of the Sierra. University of Chicago Press.
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| Risse, T. (ed.) (2011) Governance Without a State? Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood. Columbia University Press.
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| Schmidt, S. et al. (eds.), Friends, Followers and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism. University of California Press.
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| Szwarcberg, M. (2012) “Uncertainty, Political Clientelism, and Voter Turnout in Latin America: Why Parties Conduct Rallies in Argentina.”
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| Comparative Politics, 45(1): 88– 106.
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| Stokes, S. C. (2005) “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review, 99(3): 315-325.
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| Stokes, S. C., T. Dunning, M. Nazareno and V.Brusco (2013) Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. Cambridge University Press.
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| van de Walle, N. (2003) “Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa’s Emerging Party Systems.”
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| The Journal of Modern African Studies 41(2): 297–321.
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| Wolf, E. R. (1956) “Aspects of Group Relations in a Complex Society: Mexico.” American Anthropologist, 58(6): 1067– 1078.
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| </div>
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| </div>
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| ==Informal Governance and Corruption - Transcending the Principal Agent and Collective Action Paradigms==
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| The research project Informal Governance and Corruption - Transcending the Principal Agent and Collective Action Paradigms has [http://informalgovernance.baselgovernance.org published its findings]. The project is led by Dr Claudia Baez Camargo from Basel Institute on Governance, Professor Alena Ledeneva from University College London and Dr Scott Newton from SOAS, University of London and funded by the British Academy and UK Department for International development ([https://www.britac.ac.uk/informal-governance-and-corruption-transcending-principal-agent-and-collective-action-paradigms BA/DFID Anti-Corruption Evidence Partnership]).
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| Among the outcomes of the project were four video interviews with participanting scholars of informality which are featured among our [[Interviews|teaching and learning resources]].
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