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{{infobox | {{infobox | ||
| nameofpractice =Maan tapa | |||
| flagemoji =🇫🇮 | |||
| definition =Lit. 'custom law', a parallel system of justice for members of the elites, based on personal connections and political influence | |||
| location =Finland | |||
| imagemap =Finland map.png | |||
| clusters = | |||
}} | | categories = | ||
[[:Category:Finland|Finland]] – [[:Category: Scandinavia| Scandinavia]] – [[:Category: Europe| Europe]] – [[:Category: EU| EU]] – [[:Category: Custom law| Custom law]] – [[:Category: Justice| Justice]] – [[:Category: Influence| Influence]] – [[:Category: Political party| Political party]] – [[:Category: Elite| Elite]] – [[:Category: Personal connections| Personal connections]] – [[:Category: Favour| Favour]] – [[:Category: Media| Media]] – [[:Category: Public opinion| Public opinion]] | |||
| authorofpiece =Simo Mannila | |||
| authorinstitution =Department of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland | |||
| authorwebsite =[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simo_Mannila Profile page at Researchgate]}} | |||
The Finnish term ''maan tapa'' refers to a parallel legal system, the Finnish Wikipedia (2017<ref name="finwiki" />) explains that when no primary, or written, legislation is available, a secondary law of ''maan tapa'' is applied. The term can be translated as a custom law. To become a custom law, an established practice needs to be considered binding, accepted by all parties, and not be prohibited explicitly by legislation. The Finnish Parliament (2017<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2017. Yleisistä oikeuslähteistä ja oikeudellisesta informaatiosta, | <big>'''By Simo Mannila, Department of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki and University of Turku, Finland'''</big> | ||
[[Category:Finland]] | |||
[[Category: Scandinavia]] | |||
[[Category: Europe]] | |||
[[Category: EU]] | |||
[[Category: Custom law]] | |||
[[Category: Justice]] | |||
[[Category: Influence]] | |||
[[Category: Political party]] | |||
[[Category: Elite]] | |||
[[Category: Personal connections]] | |||
[[Category: Favour]] | |||
[[Category: Media]] | |||
[[Category: Public opinion]] | |||
[[Category:Entry]] | |||
[[Category: 2018 entry]] | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
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|style="font-size:1.1em;"|The Finnish term ''maan tapa'' refers to a parallel legal system, the Finnish Wikipedia (2017<ref name="finwiki" />) explains that when no primary, or written, legislation is available, a secondary law of ''maan tapa'' is applied. The term can be translated as a custom law. To become a custom law, an established practice needs to be considered binding, accepted by all parties, and not be prohibited explicitly by legislation. The Finnish Parliament (2017<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2017. Yleisistä oikeuslähteistä ja oikeudellisesta informaatiosta, | |||
https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/kotimaiset-oikeuslahteet/Sivut/Yleista-oikeuslahteista- ja-oikeudellisesta- informaatiosta.aspx</ref>) also refers to ''maan tapa'' as custom law, but states that situations where ''maan tapa'' would constitute a source of law are very rare. In juridical literature the term dates back to the eighteenth century. It is included in the Swedish 1734 legal code, historically an important source of Finnish law (Finnish Wikipedia 2017<ref name="finwiki">Finnish Wikipedia. 2017. ‘Maan tapa’, https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan_tapa</ref>; Finnish Parliament 2009<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2009. Lakikirjanäyttely, 1734 laki, | https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/kotimaiset-oikeuslahteet/Sivut/Yleista-oikeuslahteista- ja-oikeudellisesta- informaatiosta.aspx</ref>) also refers to ''maan tapa'' as custom law, but states that situations where ''maan tapa'' would constitute a source of law are very rare. In juridical literature the term dates back to the eighteenth century. It is included in the Swedish 1734 legal code, historically an important source of Finnish law (Finnish Wikipedia 2017<ref name="finwiki">Finnish Wikipedia. 2017. ‘Maan tapa’, https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan_tapa</ref>; Finnish Parliament 2009<ref>Finnish Parliament. 2009. Lakikirjanäyttely, 1734 laki, | ||
https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/Documents/Lakikirja250-1734.pdf</ref>). | https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/kirjasto/aineistot/kotimainen_oikeus/Documents/Lakikirja250-1734.pdf</ref>). | ||
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toimituksessa – On päässyt muodostumaan maan tavaksi että Yleen voi vaikuttaa’, Etelä-Saimaa, | toimituksessa – On päässyt muodostumaan maan tavaksi että Yleen voi vaikuttaa’, Etelä-Saimaa, | ||
15 May, https://esaimaa.fi/uutiset/lahella/0090245b-6661- 4bcc-8cee- b61ea8216238</ref>). | 15 May, https://esaimaa.fi/uutiset/lahella/0090245b-6661- 4bcc-8cee- b61ea8216238</ref>). | ||
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Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language. | Legally reprehensible links of ''maan tapa'' in Finland often have existed or exist in ''[[Hyvä Veli|hyvä veli]]'' networks. These follow on the ‘I scratch your back, you scratch mine’ basis. This term originates in the correspondence of old Swedish-speaking civil service, where letters typically started with ‘Dear brother’ (''‘Hyvä veli’''). But here, too, the connotations of the term changed in the course of history from neutral to critical and ironic ones when used in press and everyday language. | ||
The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, | The change in the use of the term reflects a changing reality. The Finnish law enforcement today seems alert in identifying problematic cases of ''maan tapa'' and bringing them to court. Academic research into ''maan tapa'' is still lacking, but since its meaning is linked to informal influence and corruption, research into corruption or administrative malpractice in Finland is relevant for its understanding (e.g. Salminen 2010<ref>Salminen, A. (ed.) 2010. Ethical governance: A citizen perspective. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, | ||
www.uva.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-328- 8.pdf</ref>; Salminen and Mäntysalo 2013<ref>Salminen A. and Mäntysalo V. 2013. Epäeettisestä tuomittavaan: korruptio ja hyvä veli –verkostot | www.uva.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952- 476-328- 8.pdf</ref>; Salminen and Mäntysalo 2013<ref>Salminen A. and Mäntysalo V. 2013. Epäeettisestä tuomittavaan: korruptio ja [[Hyvä Veli|hyvä veli]] –verkostot | ||
Suomessa. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952-476-429-2.pdf</ref>; Peurala and Muttilainen 2015<ref>Peurala J. and Muttilainen V. 2015. ‘Korruption riskikohteet 2010-luvun Suomessa’, | Suomessa. Vaasa: Vaasan yliopiston, https://www.univaasa.fi/materiaali/pdf/isbn_978-952-476-429-2.pdf</ref>; Peurala and Muttilainen 2015<ref>Peurala J. and Muttilainen V. 2015. ‘Korruption riskikohteet 2010-luvun Suomessa’, | ||
Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 115, Tampere: Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu</ref>; [[Hyvä Veli|hyvä veli]]). According to the Transparency International corruption perception index (CPI 2016<ref>Transparency International. 2016. Corruption Perception Index 2016, | Poliisiammattikorkeakoulun raportteja 115, Tampere: Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu</ref>; [[Hyvä Veli|hyvä veli]]). According to the Transparency International corruption perception index (CPI 2016<ref>Transparency International. 2016. Corruption Perception Index 2016, | ||
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An interesting reference to ''maan tapa'' is a 2012 album ''Maan tapa''<ref>Paleface and Julkinen Sana. 2012. ‘Maan tapa’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkdw4wqJp38</ref> by Finnish rapper Paleface and his band. In the album, the term has lost both its original sense and its more common ironic meaning. It offers a broad, aggressively critical analysis of the contemporary Finnish society. The title of the album suggests that the term is widely used and its meaning is constantly changing, depending on the time period, the users and the context. | An interesting reference to ''maan tapa'' is a 2012 album ''Maan tapa''<ref>Paleface and Julkinen Sana. 2012. ‘Maan tapa’, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkdw4wqJp38</ref> by Finnish rapper Paleface and his band. In the album, the term has lost both its original sense and its more common ironic meaning. It offers a broad, aggressively critical analysis of the contemporary Finnish society. The title of the album suggests that the term is widely used and its meaning is constantly changing, depending on the time period, the users and the context. | ||
==References== | |||