Difference between revisions of "Combina (Israel)"

Thus, on the one hand, ''combina'' generates trust, loyalty and solidarity, or a type of sociability that reduces transaction costs and risks of free-riding. Grounded in family ties, it plays a profound role, especially in structuring access to opportunities. On the other hand, it can also become an endemic problem, reproduce inequality and serve as a vehicle for corruption (Kubbe and Varraich 2019). Therefore, ''combina'' understood as creativity in its purest forms can turn into anti-social, ‘malevolent creativity’ (Beaussart et al. 2013) and cause harm. It undercuts transparency, equality, fairness and accountability of institutions. Thus, getting building and commercial permits, licenses or planning permissions through connections can have serious implications, when not issued according to qualification criteria and performance. For ordinary citizens, who lack connections to top officials and power holders and have limited material resources, ''combina'' in the social, economic and political system is frustrating. ''Combina'' might have some equalising effect, but does not guarantee equal opportunities, or access to essential services, jobs, administrative paperwork, or other vital aspects of life. This disadvantages people without ''combina'' and limits career opportunities. Due to this duality, ''combina'' is difficult to capture empirically and isolate from corrupt acts (Baez-Camargo and Ledeneva 2017).

Thus, on the one hand, ''combina'' generates trust, loyalty and solidarity, or a type of sociability that reduces transaction costs and risks of free-riding. Grounded in family ties, it plays a profound role, especially in structuring access to opportunities. On the other hand, it can also become an endemic problem, reproduce inequality and serve as a vehicle for corruption (Kubbe and Varraich 2019). Therefore, ''combina'' understood as creativity in its purest forms can turn into anti-social, ‘malevolent creativity’ (Beaussart et al. 2013) and cause harm. It undercuts transparency, equality, fairness and accountability of institutions. Thus, getting building and commercial permits, licenses or planning permissions through connections can have serious implications, when not issued according to qualification criteria and performance. For ordinary citizens, who lack connections to top officials and power holders and have limited material resources, ''combina'' in the social, economic and political system is frustrating. ''Combina'' might have some equalising effect, but does not guarantee equal opportunities, or access to essential services, jobs, administrative paperwork, or other vital aspects of life. This disadvantages people without ''combina'' and limits career opportunities. Due to this duality, ''combina'' is difficult to capture empirically and isolate from corrupt acts (Baez-Camargo and Ledeneva 2017).

==References==

==References==