Shpargalka (Russia)
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| Shpargalka | ||
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| Location: Russia | ||
| Author: Elena Denisova-Schmidt | ||
| Affiliation: University of St Gallen | ||
Original text: Elena Denisova-Schmidt, University of St Gallen
Shpargalka (shpora) (English: crib sheet or pony, German: Spickzettel) are unauthorized materials used by students during tests and exams at school, university and other educational institutions. They may be divided into traditional and innovative (Figure 1): thumb|300px|Figure 1: Traditional and innovative ponies.
