Difference between revisions of "Sociolismo (Cuba)"

<div class='item'>'''''Original Text: Matthew Cherneski, alumni, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London'''''<br>The use of social networks (family, friendship, or other network connections) in Cuban society to obtain goods and services that are in short supply due to state rationing and the inefficiencies of the command economy <ref>Lomnitz, L. and Sheinbaum, D. 2004. ‘Trust, social networks and the informal economy: a comparative analysis’. Review of Sociology of the Hungarian Sociological Association [e-journal], 10 (1): 5-26, www.colbud.hu/honesty-trust/lomnitz/pub03.doc</ref><ref>Díaz-Briquets, S. and Pérez-López, J. 2006. Corruption in Cuba: Castro and beyond. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</ref>.<br><br>The name of the concept is derived from the root word socio, which in Spanish means ‘partner’, ‘member’, or ‘buddy’. The best simple translation for the word is roughly ‘buddy-ism’. Furthermore, the word ''sociolismo'' is a pun on the commonly known Spanish word ''socialismo'', which in English means ‘socialism’<ref>Díaz-Briquets, S. and Pérez-López, J. 2006. Corruption in Cuba: Castro and beyond. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</ref>.<br><br>''Sociolismo'' is based on three important concepts within Cuban society: ''simpatía'' (likability), ''confianza'' (trust from familiarity) and ''ser buena gente'' (being a good person)<ref>Díaz-Briquets, S. and Pérez-López, J. 2006. Corruption in Cuba: Castro and beyond. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</ref><ref>Fernández, D. 2000. Cuba and the politics of passion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</ref>. Damién Fernández views sociolismo as developing from the concept of lo informal (‘that which is informal’). He states that:<br><blockquote>Lo informal is composed of groups of individuals who know and like each other […] These groups bring together peers, superiors, and subordinates […] Informality depends on the possibility of bending rules and bypassing legal norms because I/you am/are special and real.<ref>Fernández, D. 2000. Cuba and the politics of passion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</ref></blockquote><br>Cubans do not tend to use the word ''sociolismo'' explicitly when describing their own behaviour, but rather utilise normal words that carry an alternative, loaded meaning.  Many of the words took on their second meanings during the ‘Special Period’ of the 1990s, a time of economic crisis in Cuba following the dissolution of its old economic partner, the Soviet Union<ref>Weinreb, A, 2009. Cuba in the shadow of change: daily life in the twilight of revolution. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</ref>. Firstly, the verb ''luchar'' (‘to struggle’) changed from its original, communist meaning of ‘struggling’ against imperialism and capitalism, to ‘struggling’ to survive everyday life. Nowadays, the word implies the ability to use connections in order to adjust to shortages in daily life. Sometimes this word can mean taking a little extra from the government warehouse for a friend or selling such goods for a higher price to people that need them<ref>Weinreb, A, 2009. Cuba in the shadow of change: daily life in the twilight of revolution. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</ref>.<br><br>The second word within the lexicon of ''sociolismo'' is the verb ''resolver'', which literally means ‘to resolve’ or ‘to settle’. However, within the context of ''sociolismo'' it means something more akin to finding some type of good and taking possession of it<ref>Weinreb, A, 2009. Cuba in the shadow of change: daily life in the twilight of revolution. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</ref>. It can also be described as a mechanism of ‘getting things done’ and ‘to make ends meet’<ref>Azel, J. 2010. Maana in Cuba: the legacy of Castroism and transit. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.</ref>.<br><br>''Conseguir'' in the context of the language of informality means ‘to obtain’ or ‘to get’. It is comparable with the use of the Russian verb ''dostat''’ in the context of the practice of ''blat'' in the USSR, which literally means ‘to reach’, but within the context of informality took on the meaning ‘to obtain through the use of contacts or connections’<ref>Ledeneva, A. 1998. Russia’s economy of favors: blat, networking and informal exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>. Interestingly, in everyday Cuban-Spanish, the word ''conseguir'' often takes the place of the word ''comprar'' (to buy), because obtaining a good in the shortage economy often requires some other means than simply going into a shop and buying it. Weinreb gives the following example:<br><blockquote>People say, “Voy a conseguir oregano” (I’m going to find some oregano), instead of “Voy a comprar oregano,” [(I’m going to buy some oregano)] because in practice this undertaking means checking the availability of oregano in the aisles of dollar shops; asking about the availability of a secret stash kept behind the counter; finding out which neighbour has some available to borrow, barter, or sell; finding it growing wild on a bush, or giving up until word arrives that some has become available.<ref>Weinreb, A, 2009. Cuba in the shadow of change: daily life in the twilight of revolution. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</ref></blockquote><br>Finally, the meaning of the verb inventor (‘to invent’) is stretched when used as part of the lexicon of ''sociolismo''. The main connotation the term carries is the ability to make anything from nothing in order to survive <ref>Weinreb, A, 2009. Cuba in the shadow of change: daily life in the twilight of revolution. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.</ref>. Often it implies the ‘invention’ of a new way around a stifling law or restriction by the government<ref>Smith, B. 1999. The self-employed in Cuba: a street level view. Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 9: 49-59,http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/smith.pdf </ref>. For example, as the Cuban economy tried to transition through the 1990s, the government experimented with some forms of market reform and capitalism. However, what came about was a situation where the government would allow privatization and then decide to go back on its reform<ref>Smith, B. 1999. The self-employed in Cuba: a street level view. Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 9: 49-59, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/smith.pdf </ref>. This created an environment of ever-changing bureaucratic regulations, which in turn resulted in an ever-changing amount of ‘invented’ loopholes to the system<ref>Smith, B. 1999. The self-employed in Cuba: a street level view. Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 9: 49-59, http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/smith.pdf </ref>.<br><br>Even today, Cuba’s economy is still about 80 per cent controlled by the state (Bloomberg Businessweek 2012). Furthermore, the rationing of goods is still in effect, which creates country-wide shortages. This, in effect, creates the need for systems of informality and ''sociolismo''.<br><br>Cuba’s system of ''sociolismo'' is a product of the fall of European socialism. In the 1960s and 1970s, Cuba’s economy was growing at a rate of 5 per cent per year<ref>DeFronzo, J. 2007. Revolutions and revolutionary movements. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</ref>. However, by the 1980s the Cuban economy was beginning to stagnate, along with the economies of European socialist states. This is largely because Cuba was economically tied to the Soviet Union, being close trade partners and relying on cheap goods and financial help<ref>Valdéz Paz, J. 2005. ‘Cuba in the “special period”: from equality to equity’, in J. Tulchin, L. Bobea, M. Prieto and R. Hernández (eds) Changes in Cuban Societies since the Nineties. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: 103-122.</ref>. By the 1980s, Cuba was no longer able to fulfil its trade requirements and by the 1990s the Cuba economy was in complete freefall <ref>DeFronzo, J. 2007. Revolutions and revolutionary movements. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.</ref>. Under these conditions, Cuba’s second economy developed and is where the practice of sociolismo thrives. According to George Lambie, ‘[…] the state that supplied virtually everything to the population was suddenly disconnected from its main sources of provisions, and had to let people try to resolve their own shortages’<ref>Lambie, G. 2010. The Cuban revolution in the 21st century. New York: Pluto Books.</ref>.<br><br>Another political issue in Cuba that creates a safe haven for ''sociolismo'' practices is the extensive abuse of power by the leadership in Cuba, as well as high levels of state capture by politicians who influence government policies for their own private gain. Because of the elite’s abuse of their power in the communist party and the ever-increasing tax levels on the few privatized business on the island, everyday Cubans are frozen out of the system <ref>Erikson, D. 2007. ‘Strategy Escaping the corruption curse’, in M. Pérez-Stable (ed.), Looking forward: comparative perspectives on Cuba’s transition. Notre Dame, IN: Sheridan Books Inc: 212-239.</ref>. The general population faces shortages and cannot afford to shop at dollar stores; they are left to survive for themselves, thus leading to the expansion of ''sociolismo''. The introduction of the U.S. dollar as a legal currency in Cuba in 1993 exacerbated this situation, leading to the greater stratification of society, and ''sociolismo'' practices expanded exponentially<ref>Erikson, D. 2007. ‘Strategy Escaping the corruption curse’, in M. Pérez-Stable (ed.), Looking forward: comparative perspectives on Cuba’s transition. Notre Dame, IN: Sheridan Books Inc: 212-239.</ref>. When societies become stratified, those in every stratum begin to stick with their own group, thus tightening their social connections. In addition, with the introduction of the U.S. dollar sociolismo seemly became international. With remittances coming into Cuba, the trust networks that many Cubans had with their families in the United States became even more deeply-rooted. These trust networks, which are a vital base for ''sociolismo'', transform social structures by making society more stratified from bottom to top (Tilly 2007:10). Because remittances play such a major role in the Cuban economy (and act as a vital source of income to individual Cubans), the trust networks in place to transfer these sums were strengthened, further entrenching the practice of ''sociolismo'' in Cuban society.<br><br><references /><br>[[Category:Cuba]]<br>[[Category:Central America]]<br>[[Category:Substantive]]<br>[[Category:Economies of favours]]<br>[[Category:Gift]]<br>[[Category:Favour]]