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{{infobox | {{infobox | ||
| nameofpractice =Shpargalka | |||
| flagemoji = 🇷🇺 | |||
| definition =Crib sheets to cheat in an examination, often tolerated by examiners | |||
| location =Russia | |||
| imagemap =Russia map.png | |||
| clusters = | |||
}} | [[:Category:Market|Market]] – [[:Category: Functional ambivalence| Functional ambivalence]] – [[:Category: Gaming the system| Gaming the system]] – [[:Category: Camouflage| Camouflage]] – [[:Category: Creating facades| Creating facades]] | ||
| categories = | |||
[[:Category:Russia|Russia]] – [[:Category: FSU| FSU]] – [[:Category: Education| Education]] – [[:Category: Examination| Examination]] – [[:Category: Cheat| Cheat]] | |||
| authorofpiece =Elena Denisova-Schmidt | |||
| authorinstitution =School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of St Gallen, Switzerland | |||
| authorwebsite =[http://www.elena-denisova-schmidt.de/ Personal website]}} | |||
<big>'''By Elena Denisova-Schmidt, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of St Gallen, Switzerland'''</big> | |||
[[Category:Market]] | |||
[[Category: Functional ambivalence]] | |||
[[Category: Gaming the system]] | |||
[[Category: Camouflage]] | |||
[[Category: Creating facades]] | |||
[[Category:Russia]] | |||
[[Category: FSU]] | |||
[[Category: Education]] | |||
[[Category: Examination]] | |||
[[Category: Cheat]] | |||
[[Category:Entry]] | |||
[[Category: Volume 2]] | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
|style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Shpargalka'' (''shpora'') (English: crib sheet or pony, German: ''Spickzettel'') are unauthorized | |||
materials used by students during tests and exams at school, university and other educational | |||
institutions. | |||
|} | |||
They may be divided into traditional and innovative (Figure 1). | |||
[[File:shpargalka1.png|thumb|300px|left|Figure 1: Traditional and innovative ponies.]] | [[File:shpargalka1.png|thumb|300px|left|Figure 1: Traditional and innovative ponies.]] | ||
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Students do not even need to produce their own ''shpargalki'': paper ''shpargalki'' can be purchased in almost every bookshop and online. Many books or booklets can be cut up and used during exams (Figure 2). | Students do not even need to produce their own ''shpargalki'': paper ''shpargalki'' can be purchased in almost every bookshop and online. Many books or booklets can be cut up and used during exams (Figure 2). | ||
[[File:shpargalka2.png|thumb|300px|left|Figure 2: Figure 2: Paper shpargalki for Russian History, Marketing and Higher Mathematics (www.ozon.ru)]] | [[File:shpargalka2.png|thumb|300px|left|Figure 2: Figure 2: Paper shpargalki for Russian History, Marketing and Higher Mathematics (www.ozon.ru)]] | ||
The spread of mobile phones, smartphones and other devices has created new opportunities. Answers to likely exam questions, complex formulas and even entire essays can be uploaded onto a mobile device prior to the examination. Students only have to find a way of using their device without being detected. Then, they can send a text message to an ‘assistant,’ who will in turn dictate the correct answer via an earpiece hidden in the student’s hair. | The spread of mobile phones, smartphones and other devices has created new opportunities. Answers to likely exam questions, complex formulas and even entire essays can be uploaded onto a mobile device prior to the examination. Students only have to find a way of using their device without being detected. Then, they can send a text message to an ‘assistant,’ who will in turn dictate the correct answer via an earpiece hidden in the student’s hair. | ||
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Ponies have a long history and tradition not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In 2009, the School Museum in Nürnberg in Germany organised an exhibition of around a thousand ponies from the past 100 years. The exhibits came from all over the world and were displayed together with students’ success stories about their use of ponies. One such story was by Germany’s first post-war chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967). In 2014, a similar exhibition opened in Russia’s Ekaterinburg, showcasing more than 80 items dating back to the 1980s. One of the exhibits was a 100 ruble banknote with math formulas written on it. This was a pony no teacher would have dared to confiscate, given the potential risk of being accused of having extorted a bribe! | Ponies have a long history and tradition not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In 2009, the School Museum in Nürnberg in Germany organised an exhibition of around a thousand ponies from the past 100 years. The exhibits came from all over the world and were displayed together with students’ success stories about their use of ponies. One such story was by Germany’s first post-war chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967). In 2014, a similar exhibition opened in Russia’s Ekaterinburg, showcasing more than 80 items dating back to the 1980s. One of the exhibits was a 100 ruble banknote with math formulas written on it. This was a pony no teacher would have dared to confiscate, given the potential risk of being accused of having extorted a bribe! | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
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Vystavka Shpargalok Porazhaet Voobrazhenie. 2014. Video recording. Rossiya 24, Russia, 11 April, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoeSfdjnaGY<br> | Vystavka Shpargalok Porazhaet Voobrazhenie. 2014. Video recording. Rossiya 24, Russia, 11 April, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoeSfdjnaGY<br> | ||
Professor-Lopukh: V Ekaterinenburge Otkrylas' Vystavka Shpargalok. 2013. Video recording. Rossiya 24, Russia, 24 May, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ7oThP-ojU | Professor-Lopukh: V Ekaterinenburge Otkrylas' Vystavka Shpargalok. 2013. Video recording. Rossiya 24, Russia, 24 May, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ7oThP-ojU | ||