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Difference between revisions of "Shpargalka (Russia)"
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|style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Shpargalka'' (''shpora'') (English: crib sheet or pony, German: ''Spickzettel'') are unauthorized | |style="font-size:1.1em;"| ''Shpargalka'' (''shpora'') (English: crib sheet or pony, German: ''Spickzettel'') are unauthorized materials used by students during tests and exams at school, university and other educational institutions. | ||
materials used by students during tests and exams at school, university and other educational | |||
institutions. | |||
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[[File:shpargalka5.jpg|thumb|300px|Figure 5: Pony from Poland (present day). Schulgeschichtliche Sammlung der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Foto: Pöhlein, Erlangen. Reproduced with permission.]] | [[File:shpargalka5.jpg|thumb|300px|Figure 5: Pony from Poland (present day). Schulgeschichtliche Sammlung der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Foto: Pöhlein, Erlangen. Reproduced with permission.]] | ||
The use of ''shpargalki'' is widespread in Russia; many young Russians learn how to do so at school and perfect the skill during their time at university. Shpargalki are, however, violations of academic integrity linked to plagiarism, ghost-writing, manipulation of accreditation, degree-mills and other forms of monetary and non-monetary corruption in academia. Sometimes students use ''shpargalki'' because they find it hard to study to such a high level. At the same time, they feel compelled to enter higher education because it is seen as the only way to secure a professional future. About 80 per cent of young Russians enrol in some form of higher education, and almost all of them complete their studies within the allotted time-frame. One reason why students feel pressured to act in this way is the lack of social acceptance both of vocational education and of blue-collar employment. | The use of ''shpargalki'' is widespread in Russia; many young Russians learn how to do so at school and perfect the skill during their time at university. Shpargalki are, however, violations of academic integrity linked to plagiarism, ghost-writing, manipulation of accreditation, degree-mills and other forms of monetary and non-monetary corruption in academia. | ||
Sometimes students use ''shpargalki'' because they find it hard to study to such a high level. At the same time, they feel compelled to enter higher education because it is seen as the only way to secure a professional future. About 80 per cent of young Russians enrol in some form of higher education, and almost all of them complete their studies within the allotted time-frame. One reason why students feel pressured to act in this way is the lack of social acceptance both of vocational education and of blue-collar employment. | |||
Ponies have a long history and tradition not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In 2009, the School Museum in Nürnberg in Germany organised an exhibition of around a thousand ponies from the past 100 years. The exhibits came from all over the world and were displayed together with students’ success stories about their use of ponies. One such story was by Germany’s first post-war chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967). In 2014, a similar exhibition opened in Russia’s Ekaterinburg, showcasing more than 80 items dating back to the 1980s. One of the exhibits was a 100 ruble banknote with math formulas written on it. This was a pony no teacher would have dared to confiscate, given the potential risk of being accused of having extorted a bribe! | Ponies have a long history and tradition not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In 2009, the School Museum in Nürnberg in Germany organised an exhibition of around a thousand ponies from the past 100 years. The exhibits came from all over the world and were displayed together with students’ success stories about their use of ponies. One such story was by Germany’s first post-war chancellor, Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967). In 2014, a similar exhibition opened in Russia’s Ekaterinburg, showcasing more than 80 items dating back to the 1980s. One of the exhibits was a 100 ruble banknote with math formulas written on it. This was a pony no teacher would have dared to confiscate, given the potential risk of being accused of having extorted a bribe! | ||