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Difference between revisions of "Xiao Er Ni (China)"
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Editor2018 (talk | contribs) (Created page with "{{infobox | nameofpractice = Xiao Er NI | flagemoji = 🇨🇳 | definition = A second unregistered daughter given in adoption to allow her parents to have a son. | location =...") |
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Legally speaking, the birth of ''Xiao Er Ni'' does not violate the 1.5-child policy. However, the children have no legal registration and are hidden from official population statistics. Hence, regardless of whether she stays with the biological or an adoptive family, escaping from sudden unannounced investigation is normal for Xiao Er Ni. If discovered, the second daughter’s biological parents would be subject to strict birth control punishments, such as contraception, sterilization, or forced abortion, which deprives them of having a son. | Legally speaking, the birth of ''Xiao Er Ni'' does not violate the 1.5-child policy. However, the children have no legal registration and are hidden from official population statistics. Hence, regardless of whether she stays with the biological or an adoptive family, escaping from sudden unannounced investigation is normal for Xiao Er Ni. If discovered, the second daughter’s biological parents would be subject to strict birth control punishments, such as contraception, sterilization, or forced abortion, which deprives them of having a son. | ||
For the ''Xiao Er Ni'' and her two families, obtaining legal status and leading a normal life is a key issue. In general, there are two strategies for families to obtain household registration (Hu Kou). The first strategy is that biological parents directly assign the second daughter’s Hu Kou to their own family, mainly through a census or by seeking [[Guanxi]]. With this method, the birth family is usually required to pay a fine. The other strategy is that relatives, particularly unmarried or childless male relatives, register the second daughter’s Hu Kou in the name of their adopted daughter, hence evading fines of family planning policy. Regardless of how the household is settled, it is essential to invite local cadres to meals, spend money, give gifts (Song Li), and exploit Guanxi to solicit help. | For the ''Xiao Er Ni'' and her two families, obtaining legal status and leading a normal life is a key issue. In general, there are two strategies for families to obtain household registration (Hu Kou). The first strategy is that biological parents directly assign the second daughter’s Hu Kou to their own family, mainly through a census or by seeking [[Guanxi]]. With this method, the birth family is usually required to pay a fine. The other strategy is that relatives, particularly unmarried or childless male relatives, register the second daughter’s Hu Kou in the name of their adopted daughter, hence evading fines of family planning policy. Regardless of how the household is settled, it is essential to invite local cadres to meals, spend money, give gifts (Song Li), and exploit [[Guanxi]] to solicit help. | ||
One-child policy in mainland China and its 1.5-child version in rural areas have been abandoned since 2016, but the residual effects of this policy are ongoing. ''Xiao Er Nis'' are one of the unintended consequences of a series of complicated mechanisms, and their lives are deeply shaped by these events before their birth. These women have become the ‘hidden group’, for whom their lives are decided by national policy and their families. Illegal labels and perplexing identities accompany them throughout their life, contributing to long-lasting, complex psychological and practical consequences. Furthermore, individual strategies have been taken by this group (sometimes together with their families) to re-define their fate. For example, these women always conceal their identities as ''Xiao Er Ni'' during their education and may also get rid of this identity throughout marriage and giving birth to redefine their lives. | One-child policy in mainland China and its 1.5-child version in rural areas have been abandoned since 2016, but the residual effects of this policy are ongoing. ''Xiao Er Nis'' are one of the unintended consequences of a series of complicated mechanisms, and their lives are deeply shaped by these events before their birth. These women have become the ‘hidden group’, for whom their lives are decided by national policy and their families. Illegal labels and perplexing identities accompany them throughout their life, contributing to long-lasting, complex psychological and practical consequences. Furthermore, individual strategies have been taken by this group (sometimes together with their families) to re-define their fate. For example, these women always conceal their identities as ''Xiao Er Ni'' during their education and may also get rid of this identity throughout marriage and giving birth to redefine their lives. | ||