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Difference between revisions of "Pari pod masata (Bulgaria)"
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In the healthcare sector, pari-pod-masta might be offered to the doctor by the patient or his relatives to receive a quicker provision or to ensure the good quality of the treatment. If the payment is given in advance (ex-ante), then it bears the resemblance of a bribe. However, the payment can also represent a gift when it is given at the end (ex-post) of the treatment, to show gratitude. This conceptual timeframe is important because it differentiates bribes from gifts. Nevertheless, an ex-post payment becomes ex-ante for a future exchange transforming the gift into bribe (Moldovan 2013: 386). Expensive gifts might create preferential relationships between the parties (Balabanova & McKee 2002: 251). The Bulgarian Physicians’ Union differentiated officially ex-ante and ex-post payments, and the latter was described as ethical (Delcheva, Balabanova & Mckee, 1997: 91). | In the healthcare sector, pari-pod-masta might be offered to the doctor by the patient or his relatives to receive a quicker provision or to ensure the good quality of the treatment. If the payment is given in advance (ex-ante), then it bears the resemblance of a bribe. However, the payment can also represent a gift when it is given at the end (ex-post) of the treatment, to show gratitude. This conceptual timeframe is important because it differentiates bribes from gifts. Nevertheless, an ex-post payment becomes ex-ante for a future exchange transforming the gift into bribe (Moldovan 2013: 386). Expensive gifts might create preferential relationships between the parties (Balabanova & McKee 2002: 251). The Bulgarian Physicians’ Union differentiated officially ex-ante and ex-post payments, and the latter was described as ethical (Delcheva, Balabanova & Mckee, 1997: 91). | ||
In the public education sector, pari-pod-masata takes the form of unreported donations for the educational institutions that lack state funding. It is a common practice for public schools in Bulgaria to require unofficial donations from the parents to improve infrastructures and facilities. These payments are destined for repairs, heating, events, presents, the purchase of extra materials and participation in extracurricular activities. These so-called donations are unregulated but sometimes mandatory. | In the public education sector, pari-pod-masata takes the form of unreported donations for the educational institutions that lack state funding. It is a common practice for public schools in Bulgaria to require unofficial donations from the parents to improve infrastructures and facilities. These payments are destined for repairs, heating, events, presents, the purchase of extra materials and participation in extracurricular activities. These so-called donations are unregulated but sometimes mandatory. | ||
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Balabanova, D., and McKee, M. 2002. ‘Understanding informal payments for health care: the example of Bulgaria’, Health Policy, 62: 243-73. | Balabanova, D., and McKee, M. 2002. ‘Understanding informal payments for health care: the example of Bulgaria’, Health Policy, 62: 243-73. | ||
Blundo, G., and Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. 2006. ‘Everyday Corruption in West Africa’, in G. Bludno, J.-P. Olivier de Sardan, N. Arifari, and M. Alou (eds.), Everyday Corruption in Africa: Citizens and Public Officials. Zed Books: 69-108 | Blundo, G., and Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. 2006. ‘Everyday Corruption in West Africa’, in G. Bludno, J.-P. Olivier de Sardan, N. Arifari, and M. Alou (eds.), Everyday Corruption in Africa: Citizens and Public Officials. Zed Books: 69-108 | ||
Chavdarova, T. 2018. ‘Vruzki’, in A. Ledeneva (ed.), The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality . London: UCL PressL 64-7 | Chavdarova, T. 2018. ‘Vruzki’, in A. Ledeneva (ed.), The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality . London: UCL PressL 64-7 | ||
Coalition 2000 and Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) 2005. Obrazovanie i antikoruptsiya. Sofia: CSD. | Coalition 2000 and Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) 2005. Obrazovanie i antikoruptsiya. Sofia: CSD. | ||
Delcheva, E., Balabanova, D., and Mckee, M. 1997. ‘Under-the-counter payments for healthcare: Evidence from Bulgaria’, Health Policy, 89-100. | Delcheva, E., Balabanova, D., and Mckee, M. 1997. ‘Under-the-counter payments for healthcare: Evidence from Bulgaria’, Health Policy, 89-100. | ||
European Union. 2019. State of Health in the EU: Companion Report 2019. Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union. | European Union. 2019. State of Health in the EU: Companion Report 2019. Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union. | ||
Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T., and Miller, W. 2001. A culture of corruption? Coping with government in post-communist Europe. Budapest: Central European University. | Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T., and Miller, W. 2001. A culture of corruption? Coping with government in post-communist Europe. Budapest: Central European University. | ||
Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T., & Miller, W. 1997. ‘”Foolish to give and yet more foolish not to take” - in-depth interviews with post-communist citizens on their everyday use of bribes and contacts”. Europe-Asia studies, 50: 651-677 | Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T., & Miller, W. 1997. ‘”Foolish to give and yet more foolish not to take” - in-depth interviews with post-communist citizens on their everyday use of bribes and contacts”. Europe-Asia studies, 50: 651-677 | ||
Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T. & Miller, W. L. 2000. ‘If you pay, we'll operate immediatley’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 26: 305-311 | Grodeland, A., Koshechkina, T. & Miller, W. L. 2000. ‘If you pay, we'll operate immediatley’, Journal of Medical Ethics, 26: 305-311 | ||
PARITENI. 2014. ‘Nov podkup izobretiha mitnichari’, 24 January, https://www.pariteni.bg/novini/novini/nov-podkup-izobretiha-mitnichari-181398 | PARITENI. 2014. ‘Nov podkup izobretiha mitnichari’, 24 January, https://www.pariteni.bg/novini/novini/nov-podkup-izobretiha-mitnichari-181398 | ||
Moldovan, A., & Van de Walle, S. 2013. ‘Gifts or Bribes? Attitudes on Informal payments in Romanian Health Care’, Public Integrity, 385-402 | Moldovan, A., & Van de Walle, S. 2013. ‘Gifts or Bribes? Attitudes on Informal payments in Romanian Health Care’, Public Integrity, 385-402 | ||
Stepurko, T., Pavlova, M., Gryga, I., and Groot, W. 2013. ‘Informal payments for health services - Corruption or Gratitude? A study on public attitudes, perceptions and opinions in six Central and Eastern European Countries’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46: 419-31. | Stepurko, T., Pavlova, M., Gryga, I., and Groot, W. 2013. ‘Informal payments for health services - Corruption or Gratitude? A study on public attitudes, perceptions and opinions in six Central and Eastern European Countries’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46: 419-31. | ||
Transparency International. 2019. ‘Our Work in: Bulgaria’, https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/bulgaria | Transparency International. 2019. ‘Our Work in: Bulgaria’, https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/bulgaria | ||
Yanchev, V. (director). 1978. Toplo [film]. Bulgaria. | Yanchev, V. (director). 1978. Toplo [film]. Bulgaria. | ||