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*from more traditional/ universal to more modern/ temporal practices, responding to a particular constraint and disappearing when that constraint is gone. | *from more traditional/ universal to more modern/ temporal practices, responding to a particular constraint and disappearing when that constraint is gone. | ||
Each cluster of entries is introduced and concluded by a piece with comparative or conceptual entries, indicated as ‘general’. For example, Chapter 6 on [[gaming the system]] benefits from an [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=213 introduction] to the strategies of camouflage (by Philip Hanson); general entries identifying patterns common for the cluster such as [[cash-in-hand]] (by Colin Williams), [[brokerage]] (by David Jancsics), [[window dressing]] (by David Leung), and [[pyramid schemes]] (by Leonie Schiffauer); as well as a [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=341 conclusion] with methodological implications for the study of part- time crime and ‘camouflaged’ activities (by Gerald Mars). The authors of conceptual or reflective pieces offer possible perspectives, thematic links and further research questions in order to help the reader with the uneasy tasks of comparing the incomparable and theorising the practice. Such entries themselves constitute a ‘network expertise’ – a coordinated conceptual framework – aimed at tackling complexity through mastering paradoxes; articulating the unspoken and visualising the invisible; finding patterns in the amorphous and formalising the informal; finding similarities in differences and differences in similarities; comparing the incomparable and doing the undoable. Please note, we do not claim the absolute ubiquity of practices in respective societies. Following Olivier de Sardan’s take on culture, we understand social and cultural complexity as ‘a set of practices and representations that investigation has shown to be shared to a significant degree by a given group (or sub-group), in given fields and in given contexts’ (Olivier de Sardan 2015). | Each cluster of entries is introduced and concluded by a piece with comparative or [[Conceptual Entries|conceptual entries]], indicated as ‘general’. For example, Chapter 6 on [[gaming the system]] benefits from an [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=213 introduction] to the strategies of camouflage (by Philip Hanson); general entries identifying patterns common for the cluster such as [[cash-in-hand]] (by Colin Williams), [[brokerage]] (by David Jancsics), [[window dressing]] (by David Leung), and [[pyramid schemes]] (by Leonie Schiffauer); as well as a [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=341 conclusion] with methodological implications for the study of part- time crime and ‘camouflaged’ activities (by Gerald Mars). The authors of conceptual or reflective pieces offer possible perspectives, thematic links and further research questions in order to help the reader with the uneasy tasks of comparing the incomparable and theorising the practice. Such entries themselves constitute a ‘network expertise’ – a coordinated conceptual framework – aimed at tackling complexity through mastering paradoxes; articulating the unspoken and visualising the invisible; finding patterns in the amorphous and formalising the informal; finding similarities in differences and differences in similarities; comparing the incomparable and doing the undoable. Please note, we do not claim the absolute ubiquity of practices in respective societies. Following Olivier de Sardan’s take on culture, we understand social and cultural complexity as ‘a set of practices and representations that investigation has shown to be shared to a significant degree by a given group (or sub-group), in given fields and in given contexts’ (Olivier de Sardan 2015). | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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[http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=536 Index] | [http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041172/1/The-Global-Encyclopaedia-of-Informality-Volume-2.pdf#page=536 Index] | ||
==Volume 3== | |||
===Part 1: Being born=== | |||
:8.16 [[Mei Bao Ma (China)|Mei bao ma]] (China) by Hui Guo | |||
:8.17 [[Khamstvo (USSR, Russia)|Khamstvo]] (USSR, Russia) by Anastasia Novkunskaya, Daria Litvina and Anna Temkina | |||
:8.18 [[Selektivni abortus/tuđa večera (Montenegro)|Selektivni abortus/tuđa večera]] (Montenegro) by Diāna Kiščenko | |||
:8.19 [[Xiaoerni (China)|Xiaoerni]] (China) by Ling Meng | |||
:8.20 [[Parovoziki (Russia)|Parovoziki]] (Russia) by Ekaterina Pereprosova | |||
:8.21 [[Cumătrism (Moldova)|Cumătrism]] (Moldova) by Andrei Iovu | |||
:8.22 [[Obnalichivanie (Russia)|Obnalichivanie]] (Russia) by James McMeehan Roberts | |||
:8.23 [[Rabenmutter (Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland)|Rabenmutter]] (Germany, Austria, German-speaking Switzerland) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Lena Nicolas-Kryzhko | |||
:8.24 [[Uklonenie ot alimentov (Russia)|Uklonenie ot alimentov]] (Russia) by Ekaterina Ivanova | |||
:8.25 [[Babushki (Russia)|Babushki]] (Russia) by Anna Shadrina | |||
===Part 2: Growing up=== | |||
:2.1 [[Les rallyes mondains (France)|Les rallyes mondains]] (France) by Alexandre Lieure | |||
:2.2 [[Mianzi (China)|Mianzi]] (China) by Long Zhang | |||
:2.3 [[Runs (Nigeria)|Runs]] (Nigeria) by Olumuyiwa K. Ojo and Olusola Ayandele | |||
:2.4 [[Neijuan (China)|Neijuan]] (China) by Haoxuan Mao | |||
:2.5 [[Słoiki (Poland)|Słoiki]] (Poland) by Mathilde Ollivo | |||
:2.6 [[Pokhorony okurka (Russia and USSR)|Pokhorony okurka]] (Russia and USSR) by Kirill Melnikov | |||
:2.7 [[Hikikomori (Japan)|Hikikomori]] (Japan) by Taiga Kambara | |||
:2.8 [[Gaser (Serbia and the Western Balkans)|Gaser]] (Serbia and the Western Balkans) by Barbara Frey and Dragana Mrvoš | |||
:2.9 [[Lesboseksprosvet (Russia)|Lesboseksprosvet]] (Russia) by Polina Kislitsyna | |||
:2.10 [[New normal (Global)|New normal]] (Global) by Dmitry Kurnosov and Anna Varfolomeeva | |||
===Part 3: Adjusting to the digital age=== | |||
:8.36 [[Shuahaoping (China)|Shuahaoping]] (China) by Xiangyi Liao | |||
:8.37 [[Travel influencers (Global)|Travel influencers]] (Global) by Eugénie Pereira Couttolenc | |||
:8.38 [[Follower buying (Global)|Follower buying]] (Global) by Christina Zimmermann | |||
:8.39 [[Ticket touting (Global)|Ticket touting]] (Global) by Patricia Donovan | |||
:8.40 [[Doxing (Global)|Doxing]] (Global) by James Morgan | |||
:8.41 [[Catfishing (Global)|Catfishing]] (Global) by Jade Jacobs | |||
:8.42 [[Revenge porn (Global)|Revenge porn]] (Global) by Julia Schur | |||
:8.43 [[Telefon gap zadan (Tajikistan)|Telefon gap zadan]] (Tajikistan) by Swetlana Torno | |||
===Part 4: Getting married=== | |||
:8.44 [[Caili (China)|Caili]] (China) by Ling Zhang | |||
:8.45 [[Ala kachuu (Kyrgyzstan)|Ala kachuu]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Alberica Camerani | |||
:8.46 [[Mendanghudui (China)|Mendanghudui]] (China) by Shiqi Yin | |||
:8.47 [[Nikoh (Tajikistan)|Nikoh]] (Tajikistan) by Madina Gazieva | |||
:8.48 [[Sdelat’ ZAGS (Tajik diaspora in Russia)|Sdelat’ ZAGS]] (Tajik diaspora in Russia) by Elena Borisova | |||
:8.49 [[Bridezilla (UK, North America, Australia)|Bridezilla]] (UK, North America, Australia) by Julia Carter | |||
:8.50 [[Karmir khndzor (Armenia)|Karmir khndzor]] (Armenia) by Anna Temkina and Lilit Zakaryan :4.8 [[Kelin (Central Asia)|Kelin]] (Central Asia) by Tommaso Aguzzi | |||
:8.51 [[Ernai (China)|Ernai]] (China) by Ouxiang Ji | |||
:8.52 [[Toqal/Tokal (Kazakhstan)|Toqal/Tokal]] (Kazakhstan) by Nursultan Suleimenov | |||
:8.53 [[Burrnesha (Albania)|Burrnesha]] (Albania) by Ellen Robertson | |||
===Part 5: Belonging and social exclusion=== | |||
:8.54 [[KhTsB (Armenia)|KhTsB]] (Armenia) by Armine Petrosyan | |||
:8.55 [[Pečenje rakije (Serbia)|Pečenje rakije]] (Serbia) by Maria Vivod | |||
:8.56 [[Hemsëhricilik (Turkey)|Hemsëhricilik]] (Turkey) by Eda Pamuksuzer | |||
:8.57 [[Ahbap-çavuş ilişkisi (Turkey)|Ahbap-çavuş ilişkisi]] (Turkey) by Semih Ergelen | |||
:8.58 [[Grypsowanie (Poland)|Grypsowanie]] (Poland) by Piotr Majda | |||
:8.59 [[Meso (Cyprus and Greece)|Meso]] (Cyprus and Greece) by George Hajipavli | |||
:8.60 [[Palanca (Mexico)|Palanca]] (Mexico) by David Arellano-Gault and Luis Jair Trejo-Alonso | |||
:8.61 [[Kabel (Malaysia)|Kabel]] (Malaysia) by Christian Giordano | |||
:8.62 [[Fanju (China)|Fanju]] (China) by Lang Liu | |||
:8.63 [[Enchufismo (Spain)|Enchufismo]] (Spain) by Ignacio Fradejas-García | |||
:8.64 [[A molestar a otro lado (Guatemala)|A molestar a otro lado]] (Guatemala) by Jose Godinez and Denise Dunlap | |||
===Part 6: Alternative currencies of support=== | |||
:8.54 [[Znaki vnimaniya (Russia and FSU)|Znaki vnimaniya]] (Russia and FSU) by Conor Murray | |||
:8.55 [[Sinnamjai (Thailand)|Sinnamjai]] (Thailand) by Wasin Punthong and Attasit Pankaew | |||
:8.56 [[Joro (Kyrgyzstan)|Joro]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova | |||
:8.57 [[Sadaqa (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan)|Sadaqa]] (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) by Aisalkyn Botoeva | |||
:8.58 [[Ashar (Kyrgyzstan)|Ashar]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova | |||
:8.59 [[Nisia (Georgia)|Nisia]] (Georgia) by Megi Kartsivadze | |||
:8.60 [[Cassa peota (Italy)|Cassa peota]] (Italy) by Giulio Benedetti | |||
:8.61 [[Chernaya kassa (Kyrgyzstan)|Chernaya kassa]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Arzuu Sheranova | |||
:8.62 [[Moai (Japan)|Moai]] (Japan) by Abel Polese | |||
:8.63 [[Koshumcha (Kyrgyzstan)|Koshumcha]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Eugenia Pesci | |||
:8.64 [[Pujogǔm (South Korea)|Pujogǔm]] (South Korea) by You Kyung Byun | |||
:8.65 [[Poclon (Wallachia, Romania)|Poclon]] (Wallachia, Romania) by Vasile Mihai Olaru | |||
===Part 7: Gaining an advantage=== | |||
:8.66 [[Chanchullo (Central America)|Chanchullo]] (Central America) by Denise Dunlap and Jose Godinez | |||
:8.67 [[Gorroneo (Spain and Hispanic America)|Gorroneo]] (Spain and Hispanic America) by Ignacio Fradejas-García | |||
:8.68 [[(Za)chachmęcenie (Poland)|(Za)chachmęcenie]] (Poland) by Alisa Musanovic | |||
:8.69 [[Nokofio (Ghana)|Nokofio]] (Ghana) by Dagna Rams | |||
:8.70 [[Chaa pani (India)|Chaa pani]] (India) by Ajeet Kaur | |||
:8.71 [[Duit kopi (Malaysia)|Duit kopi]] (Malaysia) by Christian Giordano | |||
:8.72 [[Aumento (Lowland South America)|Aumento]] (Lowland South America) by Daniela Peluso | |||
:8.73 [[Pari pod masata (Bulgaria)|Pari pod masata]] (Bulgaria) by Kristina Tsabala | |||
:8.74 [[Otkat vizy (Russia)|Otkat vizy]] (Russia) by Olga Tkach | |||
===Part 8: Informal income=== | |||
:8.75 [[Svart arbete (Sweden)|Svart arbete]] (Sweden) by Lotta Björklund Larsen | |||
:8.76 [[Travail au noir (France)|Travail au noir]] (France) by Carla Montigny | |||
:8.77 [[Caporalato (Italy)|Caporalato]] (Italy) by Francesco Bagnardi | |||
:8.78 [[Paga globale (Italy)|Paga globale]] (Italy) by Giulio Benedetti | |||
:8.79 [[Shabashniki (USSR, Russia)|Shabashniki]] (USSR, Russia) by Nikolay Erofeev | |||
:8.80 [[Khaltura (USSR)|Khaltura]] (USSR) by Taisiia Nahorna | |||
:8.81 [[Stacze kolejkowi (Poland)|Stacze kolejkowi]] (Poland) by Nikolaos Olma | |||
:8.82 [[Taksovanie (Uzbekistan)|Taksovanie]] (Uzbekistan) by Nikolaos Olma | |||
:8.83 [[Trotro (Ghana)|Trotro]] (Ghana) by Jennifer Hart | |||
:8.84 [[Pfandsammeln (Germany)|Pfandsammeln]] (Germany) by Annika Kurze | |||
:8.85 [[Andare in giro (Italy)|Andare in giro]] (Italy) by Isabella Clough Marinaro | |||
===Part 9: Becoming an entrepreneur=== | |||
:8.86 [[Combina (Israel)|Combina]] (Israel) by Ina Kubbe | |||
:8.87 [[Manteros (Spain)|Manteros]] (Spain) by Horacio Espinosa | |||
:8.88 [[Tenderpreneur (South Africa)|Tenderpreneur]] (South Africa) by Laurence Piper and Andrew Charman | |||
:8.89 [[Mzungu price (Kenya)|Mzungu price]] (Kenya) by Yunqiao Xu | |||
:8.90 [[Churning (Canada)|Churning]] (Canada) by Katie Kilroy-Marac | |||
:8.91 [[Double Irish (Ireland)|Double Irish]] (Ireland) by Julia Schmalz | |||
:8.92 [[Palyonka (Russia)|Palyonka]] (Russia) by Zoya Kotelnikova | |||
:8.93 [[Mertvye dushi (Russian Federation, from 1991)|Mertvye dushi]] (Russian Federation, from 1991) by Ekaterina Vorobeva | |||
:8.94 [[Bin diwar/fazaee (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)|Bin diwar/fazaee]] (Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq) by Hemn Namiq Jameel | |||
===Part 10: Living on the edge=== | |||
:8.95 [[Vorovskie pasporta (Russia)|Vorovskie pasporta]] (Russia) by Andrey V. Gornostaev | |||
:8.96 [[Saksy (Poland)|Saksy]] (Poland) by Krzysztof Kruk | |||
:8.97 [[Ściągnąć (Poland)|Ściągnąć]] (Poland) by Anne White | |||
:8.98 [[Trailing spouses (India)|Trailing spouses]] (India) by Shalini Grover and Sanna Schliewe | |||
:8.99 [[Mulas (Cuba)|Mulas]] (Cuba) by Concetta Russo | |||
:9.00 [[Simsar, samsara (Middle East and North Africa)|Simsar, samsara]] (Middle East and North Africa) by Alberica Camerani | |||
:9.01 [[Jak igrač (North Macedonia)|Jak igrač]] (North Macedonia) by Borjan Gjuzelov | |||
:9.02 [[Nojukusha (Japan)|Nojukusha]] (Japan) by Hideo Aoki | |||
:9.03 [[La débrouille (Former French and Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa)|La débrouille]] (Former French and Belgian colonies in sub-Saharan Africa) by Cécile B. Vigouroux | |||
:9.04 [[No. 8 wire (New Zealand)|No. 8 wire]] (New Zealand) by Grace Reynolds | |||
===Part 11: Settling in=== | |||
:9.05 [[Colonias (USA)|Colonias]] (USA) by Michael J. Pisani | |||
:9.06 [[Chabolismo (Spain)|Chabolismo]] (Spain) by Noel A. Manzano Gómez | |||
:9.07 [[Samozakhvat (Kyrgyzstan)|Samozakhvat]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Eliza Isabaeva | |||
:9.08 [[Zaniato (Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus)|Zaniato]] (Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus) by Andrea Peinhopf | |||
:9.09 [[Xiaochanquan (China)|Xiaochanquan]] (China) by Cinzia Losavio | |||
:9.10 [[Chuồng cọp (Vietnam)|Chuồng cọp]] (Vietnam) by Francisco García Moro | |||
:9.11 [[Divlja gradnja (Countries of Former Yugoslavia)|Divlja gradnja]] (Countries of Former Yugoslavia) by Fynn-Morten Heckert | |||
:9.12 [[Vrtičkarstvo (Slovenia)|Vrtičkarstvo]] (Slovenia) by Petra Matijevic | |||
:9.13 [[Informal housing of the rich (Global)|Informal housing of the rich]] (Global) by Udo Grashoff | |||
===Part 12: Engaging Politically=== | |||
:9.14 [[Voto di scambio (Italy)|Voto di scambio]] (Italy) by Alberica Camerani | |||
:9.15 [[Vote buying/ vote selling (Western Balkans)|Vote buying/ vote selling]] (Western Balkans) by Jovan Bliznakovski | |||
:9.16 [[Party soldiers (Western Balkans)|Party soldiers]] (Western Balkans) by Jovan Bliznakovski | |||
:9.17 [[Maliks (Afghanistan)|Maliks]] (Afghanistan) by Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili | |||
:9.18 [[Titushky (Ukraine)|Titushky]] (Ukraine) by Michal Pszyk | |||
:9.19 [[Krumpliosztás (Hungary)|Krumpliosztás]] (Hungary) by Zsofia Stavri | |||
:9.20 [[Mungu idekh (Mongolia)|Mungu idekh]] (Mongolia) by Marissa Smith | |||
:9.21 [[Parillada (Spanish-speaking Amazonia)|Parillada]] (Spanish-speaking Amazonia) by Daniela Peluso | |||
:9.22 [[Ne talasaj (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro)|Ne talasaj]] (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro) by Emina Ribo | |||
===Part 13: Ageing power=== | |||
:9.23 [[OBON (Kyrgyzstan)|OBON]] (Kyrgyzstan) by Elmira Satybaldieva | |||
:9.24 [[Jirga/shura (Afghanistan)|Jirga/shura]] (Afghanistan) by Madeleine O. Nosworthy | |||
:9.25 [[Aqsaqal (Kazakhstan)|Aqsaqal]] (Kazakhstan) by Talshyn Tokyzhanova | |||
:9.26 [[Mullahs (Afghanistan)|Mullahs]] (Afghanistan) by Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili | |||
:9.27 [[Amakudari (Japan)|Amakudari]] (Japan) by Hayato Moriyama | |||
:9.28 [[Jajmani (South Asia)|Jajmani]] (South Asia) by Soumya Mishra | |||
:9.29 [[Partiti (Corsica)|Partiti]] (Corsica) by Paul Thomé | |||
:9.30 [[Caciquismo (Mexico)|Caciquismo]] (Mexico) by Fausto Carbajal Glass | |||
:9.31 [[Maan tapa (Finland)|Maan tapa]] (Finland) by Simo Mannila | |||
:9.32 [[Duang muang (Thailand)|Duang muang]] (Thailand) by Akkharaphong Khamkhun, Pridi Banomyong and Wasin Punthong | |||
:9.33 [[Okkul’t (Russia)|Okkul’t]] (Russia) by Valeriy Solovey | |||
===Part 14: Informal care and the end=== | |||
:9.34 [[Baksy (Kazakhstan)|Baksy]] (Kazakhstan) by Lyazzat Utesheva | |||
:9.35 [[Bajanje and vilarkas (Serbia and the Western Balkans)|Bajanje and vilarkas]] (Serbia and the Western Balkans) by Maria Vivod | |||
:9.36 [[Tchop (Caucasus)|Tchop]] (Caucasus) by Maria Vyatchina | |||
:9.37 [[Kako mati (Greece)|Kako mati]] (Greece) by Eugenia Roussou | |||
:9.38 [[Marmotagem (Brazil)|Marmotagem]] (Brazil) by Giovanna Capponi | |||
:9.39 [[ThetaHealing (USA, Russia)|ThetaHealing]] (USA, Russia) by Tatiana Loboda | |||
:9.40 [[Indulgence (Global)|Indulgence]] (Global) by Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Sibylle Krause | |||
:9.41 [[Ehsan (Azerbaijan)|Ehsan]] (Azerbaijan) by Turkhan Sadigov | |||
:9.42 [[Pomeni (Moldova)|Pomeni]] (Moldova) by Gian Marco Moisé | |||
:9.43 [[Mingbi (China)|Mingbi]] (China) by Yizhou Xu | |||